Auguste Comte and Positivism

Every distinct class of human conceptions passes through all these stages, beginning with the theological, and proceeding through the metaphysical to the positive: the metaphysical being a mere state of transition, but an indispensable one, from the theological mode of thought to the positive... This general theorem is completed by the addition, that the theological mode of thought has three stages, Fetichism, Polytheism, and Monotheism.

三阶段论 + 神学阶段三段分 = Comte 的核心公式，Mill 在英语世界的标准表述，影响 Spencer 1872 §4 + T.H. Huxley 1869 + 20 世纪科学哲学 (Carnap 1928 / Kuhn 1962 / Popper 1934)；故洞察力为 96。

We reflect on what we have been doing, when the act is past, but when we are about to do, we have only the idea; we know not the fact. So long as we have not the fact, we cannot tell whether the action will fulfil its purpose or not; we cannot tell what the action will be; we can only know what, in our supposed case, it would be.

"事前的实践" vs "事后的反思" = is-ought 之别在 Mill 笔下的具体表述，影响 Menger 1883《Investigations》+ Weber 1922 + Popper 1957《The Poverty of Historicism》+ 现代实证经济学；故框架为 95。

The change in the bearings of philosophic opinion commenced in England earlier than in France, where a philosophy of a contrary kind had been more widely cultivated, and had taken a firmer hold on the speculative minds of a generation formed by Royer-Collard, Cousin, Jouffroy, and their compeers. The great treatise of M. Comte was scarcely mentioned in French literature or criticism, when it was already working powerfully on the minds of many British students and thinkers.

Mill 在一部中篇小书中旁征博引英法思想史 5 个核心人物 + 4 段同期学术争辩，证据密度 = 19 世纪哲学评论罕见；故证据为 95。

It was with a view to this that he undertook that wonderful systematization of all human knowledge, which is the great characteristic of the Cours de Philosophie Positive. He had conceived the vast project of rescuing the human mind from the state of anarchy which the dissolution of the old creeds had produced, by reorganizing it upon a new basis.

Mill 把 Cours 重新定义为"系统化人类知识 (systematization of all human knowledge)" —— 直接为 19 世纪英美大学课程组织提供模板；故实用性为 91。

Instead of the Theological we should prefer to speak of the Personal, or Volitional explanation of nature; instead of Metaphysical, the Abstractional or Ontological: and the meaning of Positive would be less ambiguously expressed in the objective aspect by Phaenomenal, in the subjective by Experiential. But M. Comte's opinions are best stated in his own phraseology...

Mill 在 4 行内给出 4 个备选术语 (Personal / Volitional / Abstractional / Ontological / Phaenomenal / Experiential)，且明确"使用 Comte 的术语"作为方法论纪律，是 19 世纪英语哲学评论最高文体；故文笔为 93。

We use the words Theological, Metaphysical, and Positive, because they are chosen by M. Comte as a vehicle for M. Comte's ideas. Any philosopher whose thoughts another person undertakes to set forth, has a right to require that it should be done by means of his own nomenclature. They are not, however, the terms we should ourselves choose.

Mill 在 5 行内完成"接受术语" + "标注异议" + "提出备选" 三层工作，是 19 世纪哲学评论最深的双层表述；故深度为 96。

Instead of recognizing, as in the Cours de Philosophic Positive, an essentially sound view of philosophy, with a few capital errors, it is in their general character that we deem the subsequent speculations false and misleading, while in the midst of this wrong general tendency, we find a crowd of valuable thoughts, and suggestions of thought, in detail.

Mill 在 Part II 开篇 6 行内明确反转 Cours 阶段 vs 后期阶段的判断，是 19 世纪学术评论"立场透明" 的典范；故可信度为 95。

[Comte's] project of rescuing the human mind from the state of anarchy which the dissolution of the old creeds had produced, by reorganizing it upon a new basis [is]... the great characteristic of the Cours de Philosophie Positive.

21 世纪科学知识社会学 (SSK, Barnes 1974 / Bloor 1976 / Latour 1979) + 科学实践哲学 (van Fraassen 1980 / Cartwright 1983) 都以 Mill 评 Comte 为"实证主义源头"之一；故时效性为 92。 **L1 mean (8-dim):** **93.5** / 100