An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

The greatest improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is anywhere directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour.

用针厂分工的例子（一人抽丝、一人拉直、一人切割）说明分工如何将生产率提高数百倍——这个洞察定义了现代经济学的核心问题，故洞察力为 96。

The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniencies of life... The causes of this improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the order according to which its produce is naturally distributed among the different ranks and conditions of men in the society, make the subject of the first book of this Inquiry.

五书结构从微观机制（分工）到宏观政策（财政），从理论到历史到批判，形成完整框架，故框架为 92。

A workman not educated to this business... could scarce, perhaps, with his utmost industry, make one pin in a day... But in the way in which this business is now carried on... ten persons... could make among them upwards of forty-eight thousand pins in a day.

用具体数字（一人一天做 1 根针 vs 十人分工一天做 48000 根针）支撑分工提高生产率的论点——具体、可验证、有说服力，故证据为 85。

It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy... What is prudence in the conduct of every private family, can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom.

用家庭理财的常识（不自制比买更贵的东西）类推到国家贸易政策——直接可操作的政策建议，故实用性为 82。

This division of labour, from which so many advantages are derived, is not originally the effect of any human wisdom, which foresees and intends that general opulence to which it gives occasion. It is the necessary, though very slow and gradual, consequence of a certain propensity in human nature which has in view no such extensive utility; the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another.

清晰、系统、论证严密；用"交换倾向"解释分工的自发起源——既有理论深度又有可读性，故文笔为 88。

He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention... By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.

"看不见的手"触及自发秩序的本质——个人自利如何通过市场机制无意中促进公共利益；这个洞察超越了经济学，影响了政治哲学和社会理论，故深度为 93。

There is in every society or neighbourhood an ordinary or average rate both of wages and profit in every different employment of labour and stock... These ordinary... rates may be called the natural rates of wages, profit, and rent... The commodity is then sold precisely for what it is worth, or for what it really costs the person who brings it to market.

市场机制（价格信号调节供需）的核心论点被现代经济学充分验证；但劳动价值论（"商品值多少取决于劳动成本"）被边际革命修正，故可信度为 90。

The ordinary expense of the greater part of modern governments in time of peace being equal or nearly equal to their ordinary revenue, when war comes, they are both unwilling and unable to increase their revenue in proportion to the increase of their expense.

市场机制、自由贸易、政府角色的讨论依然是当代政策辩论的核心（如关税、产业补贴）；但部分历史分析（如殖民地贸易）已过时，故时效性为 85。

The produce of land, mines, and fisheries, when their natural fertility is equal, is in proportion to the extent and proper application of the capitals employed about them. When the capitals are equal and properly applied, it is in proportion to their natural fertility.

Smith 引用大量历史案例和当代观察，但缺乏系统的学术引用体系；Gutenberg 版无现代学术注释，故出处透明度为 78。