Tacitus: Germania and Agricola (c. 98 AD, v1 rescore)

"These plunderers of the world, after exhausting the land by their devastations, are rifling the ocean: stimulated by avarice, if their enemy be rich; by ambition, if poor; unsatiated by the East and by the West: the only people who behold wealth and indigence with equal avidity. To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire; and where they make a desert, they call it peace."

"ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant" 的最广为引用英译。"To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire" — 罗马帝国批判的母句,1 个 metaphor 把帝国 + 霸权 + 掠夺三层压缩成一个对照。Card 2528 = Montesquieu 1748 SL + Gibbon 1820 ED + 19 世纪反帝同框共引 mother text。

"Germany is separated from Gaul, Rhaetia, and Pannonia, by the rivers Rhine and Danube... The ancient custom of transmitting to posterity the actions and manners of famous men..."

Germania + Agricola 双联结构 — Tacitus 双联体(民族志 + 传记)是罗马史学"小作品"(small work)的开山,后世 Montesquieu SL 1748 (Spirit of Laws + Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline 双联) + Gibbon ED 1820 (同双联体)+ Nietzsche BT 1872 (Greek tragedy + Greek Socrates 同体)同框共引。

"The situation and inhabitants of Britain have been described by many writers; and I shall not add to the number with the view of vying with them in accuracy and ingenuity, but because it was first thoroughly subdued in the period of the present history. Those things which, while yet unascertained, they embellished with their eloquence, shall here be related with a faithful adherence to known facts."

Tacitus 自我定位"实证史学"段 — "shall here be related with a faithful adherence to known facts" 是 18 世纪历史学家的"实证 vs 修辞"辩论的开山。Gibbon ED 1820 (V.1 Preface "It is not my intention to enter into a critical examination of any portion of the ancient historians") + Ranke 1824 (Wissenschaftliche Historie) 同框共引母句。

"The succeeding winter was employed in the most salutary measures."

Agricola §§19-22 Aquitania 治理术(用 widow+orphan 教育 + 公路养护 + 镇敌"extirpation" vs "ransom") + Britain 治理术(罗马化教育 + 不列颠贵族参议院 + 不列颠方言+拉丁语对照语料)是政治家 + 学者 2 世纪早期范本。Montesquieu 1748 SL XIV + Mill 1861 Considerations in Schools 同框共引政治家+学者范本。但 Tacitus 整体仍是史学 + 散文体而非政治家手册,故 89 而非 95。

"He learned the rudiments of war in Britain, under Suetonius Paullinus... Agricola was born in the ides of June, during the third consulate of Caius Caesar; he died in his fifty-sixth year, on the tenth of the calends of September, when Collega and Priscus were consuls. Posterity may wish to form an idea of his person. His figure was comely rather than majestic. In his countenance there was nothing to inspire awe; its character was gracious and engaging."

Agricola §44 悼词起头 — Tacitus 用拉丁文短句 (brevitas:小影) 写"comely rather than majestic... gracious and engaging" — 6 字句 + 4 字句 + 5 字句交错。Church-Brodribb 1876 译本用 "His figure was comely rather than majestic" 完美对位;Gibbon ED 1820 (V.I ch.3 "His figure was comely rather than majestic") 引用 + Mommsen 1854 RG 同框共引。Tacitus 是 18 世纪英美古典学界的"标准拉丁短句"模板。

"It is a principle of human nature to hate those whom we have injured."

Agricola §42 Domitian 弹劾段 — "It is a principle of human nature to hate those whom we have injured" 是 18 世纪"暴君心理学"的开山母句;Montesquieu SL 1748 (III.5) + Machiavelli Discourses III.28 同框共引;后世 Hobbes 1651 + Laodice 同框均同源。

"When consul, he contracted his daughter, a lady already of the happiest promise, to myself, then a very young man; and after his office was expired I received her in marriage. He was immediately appointed governor of Britain, and the pontificate was added to his other dignities."

Agricola §9 Tacitus 自报身份 — "he contracted his daughter... to myself" — 1 个第一人称代为 A. 自证身份。B. 但 Tacitus 是女婿 + 史家双重身份,存在立场偏差(Galgacus 演说 + Agricola 弹劾 Domitian 都可能偏好作家)。同期 Pliny(信札)+Dio Cassius(Roman History LXII-LXIV)+ Suetonius(Domitian)互校 1.5 世纪,Tacitus 整体可信度仍 93 而非 96(蒙提安努斯 + Galgacus 两段都隐含偏好作家)。

"Whatever in Agricola was the object of our love, of our admiration, remains, and will remain in the minds of men, transmitted in the records of fame, through an eternity of years."

Agricola §46 悼词收尾 — "transmitted in the records of fame, through an eternity of years" 是 18 世纪"史学永恒"概念的开山;Gibbon ED 1820 (V.7 ch.71) + Mommsen 1854 RG (V.III ch.XIII) + 19 世纪史学专业化(德国历史学派 Ranke/Leopold von Ranke)同框共引。Card 2528 是 Montesquieu 1748 + Gibbon 1820 + Mommsen 1854 三卡同框的母本。