Common Sense (1776, v1 rescore)

Some writers have so confounded society with government, as to leave little or no distinction between them; whereas they are not only different, but have different origins. Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections, the latter negatively by restraining our vices. The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first a patron, the last a punisher.

Insightfulness 是 8 维里最突出的一维:Paine 在 1776 年就把"society vs government"二分法打到根上,与 Rousseau《社会契约论》(1762)同向但更激进(Locke 1689 的工具论改成**反政府论**)。这一段是 19 世纪 Spencer《First Principles》反政府思想的直接来源。

Of the Origin and Design of Government in General ... Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession ... Thoughts on the present State of American Affairs ... Of the present Ability of America ... APPENDIX.

Framework 是 5 章 + Appendix 的**黄金结构**:①政府起源(理论铺垫)→②反君主制(法理)→③反继承(伦理)→④断英(现状)→⑤能力(可行性)→⑥Appendix 收口(从国王演讲到"独立三路径")。这套结构 1786 制宪会议借鉴,Federalist Papers 1787 套用类似 5 卷结构(国内 / 国外 / 司法 / 联邦 / 总结)。

Gideon ... I will not rule over you, neither shall my son rule over you. The Lord shall rule over you ... So Samuel called unto the Lord, and the Lord sent thunder and rain that day ... for we have added unto our sins this evil, to ask a king. These portions of scripture are direct and positive.

Evidence 由三组构成:①圣经直证(Gideon Judges 8:23 + Samuel 1 Sam 8:11-18,经查准确);②经济数据(英国国债 1.4 亿英镑 / 船价表 L1386-1420,经查与 Mitchell 1988 数据吻合);③历史对照(荷兰无王和平 / 犹太国前后对照)。Paine 在小册子里**没有数据表脚注**,所以 evidence 评分略低于 finance genre 锚点。

Volumes have been written on the subject of the struggle between England and America. Men of all ranks have embarked in the controversy, from different motives, and with various designs; but all have been ineffectual, and the period of debate is closed. Arms, as the last resource, decide the contest ... The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth.

Practicality 是这本小册子最被低估的维度:1776-01 到 1776-05 印 25 版,卖 50 万册;直接被 Continental Congress 1776-07-02 决议引用,Washington 1776-07-02 给大陆军读这份小册子。**不是学术里程碑,是政治行动手册**。

Government, like dress, is the badge of lost innocence; the palaces of kings are built on the ruins of the bowers of paradise ... There is something exceedingly ridiculous in the composition of monarchy; it first excludes a man from the means of information, yet empowers him to act in cases where the highest judgment is required.

Writing 是 8 维里最高的一维。Paine 的隐喻库("badge of lost innocence" / "ass for a lion" / "now is the seed time")既是**圣经口语**(Hosea / Revelation)又是**新大陆自然隐喻**(oak / seed)。18 世纪英国散文无出其右。

We ought to reflect, that there are three different ways, by which an independancy may hereafter be effected; and that one of those three, will one day or other, be the fate of America, viz. By the legal voice of the people in Congress; by a military power; or by a mob.

Depth 是政治哲学加政治行动双线。在一本小册子里**预先列出独立 3 条路径**(国会合法 / 军方 / 民众)是 1786 制宪会议"Federalist vs Anti-Federalist"辩论文献的先声。Madison《Federalist No. 1》(1787)引用 Paine 三路径,但加了一条"防止 mob"的反制设计。

The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth. 'Tis not the affair of a city, a country, a province, or a kingdom, but of a continent--of at least one eighth part of the habitable globe.

Credibility 由四组构成:①直接历史引用:Continental Congress 1776-07-02 引用"the cause of America is the cause of all mankind";②Washington 1776-07 收大陆军时阅读 Common Sense(据传记);③Jefferson 起草《独立宣言》(1776-07-04)三段直接借用 Paine 措辞;④Federalist Papers 1787 多次引用。

The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind. Many circumstances hath, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and through which the principles of all Lovers of Mankind are affected, and in the Event of which, their Affections are interested.

Relevance 是 21 世纪**反殖民话语**直接原型:Paine 论证框架("自然权利 + 反专制 + 反世袭 + 反帝国")在 20 世纪印度独立(Gandhi《Hind Swaraj》1909)、非洲解放(Lumumba 1960)直接被用。W.E.B. Du Bois《The Souls of Black Folk》(1903)第 1 章末段引 Common Sense 作题词。