On Liberty

That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant... Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.

全书核心原则在第一章第 9 段一次性给出，句法虽长但逻辑骨架（"唯一目的/防止伤害/自身主权"）任何读者都能提取并复述，故清晰度为 90。

It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that this doctrine is meant to apply only to human beings in the maturity of their faculties... Those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others, must be protected against their own actions as well as against external injury.

密尔明确划定原则边界（儿童、无行为能力者除外），不把自由主义说成全称真理；对"落后社会"的豁免是殖民时代偏见，但作者如实陈述而非隐藏前提，学术诚实度高，故准确性为 88。

(Ch.5 开篇) The principles asserted in these pages must be more generally admitted as the basis for discussion of details, before a consistent application of them to all the various departments of government and morals can be attempted with any prospect of advantage.

原则（1-4 章）与应用（5 章）严格分离；第二章内部"意见为真/意见为假/意见部分为真"三分穷举是逻辑教科书式的完备结构，故结构为 95。

Mankind can hardly be too often reminded, that there was once a man named Socrates... This acknowledged master of all the eminent thinkers who have since lived—was put to death by his countrymen, after a judicial conviction, for impiety and immorality... The event which took place on Calvary rather more than eighteen hundred years ago... He was treated as a blasphemer.

以人类最敬重的两个人物被国家以"不敬神"与"道德败坏"之名处死，证明"多数人的道德确信"不可作为迫害依据——例证选择极具论证爆破力，故为例证 78；扣分在例证域集中于古典。

If the government would make up its mind to require for every child a good education, it might save itself the trouble of providing one. It might leave to parents to obtain the education where and how they pleased, and content itself with helping to pay the school fees of the poorer classes of children.

国家强制教育标准但不垄断办学——这一"强制+市场化"方案预示了 20 世纪教育券思想；伤害原则至今是英美判例与政策辩论的默认语法，故实用性为 88。

Society itself is the tyrant... its means of tyrannising are not restricted to the acts which it may do by the hands of its political functionaries... it leaves fewer means of escape, penetrating much more deeply into the details of life, and enslaving the soul itself.

把压迫分析从"国家 vs 个人"推进到"社会 vs 个人"——法律之外的舆论、习俗、"道德警察"如何穿透生活细节并奴役灵魂；这是从政治哲学到社会理论的范式跳跃，故深度为 90。

It is not by wearing down into uniformity all that is individual in themselves, but by cultivating it and calling it forth, within the limits imposed by the rights and interests of others, that human beings become a noble and beautiful object of contemplation.

在算法推荐制造信息茧房、社交媒体奖励同质化的时代，"个性的培养是社会进步的首要条件"的论证结构完整适用于平台治理争议，故时效性为 94。

To the beloved and deplored memory of her who was the inspirer, and in part the author, of all that is best in my writings—the friend and wife whose exalted sense of truth and right was my strongest incitement...

献辞段落庄重哀婉，是哲学史上罕见的情感与论证融合体；正文警句（"A state which dwarfs its men... will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished"）凝练可诵，故文笔为 85。

Few persons, out of Germany, even comprehend the meaning of the doctrine which Wilhelm von Humboldt, so eminent both as a savant and as a politician, made the text of a treatise... 'the end of man... is the highest and most harmonious development of his powers to a complete and consistent whole.'

密尔标明思想来源（洪堡、歌德），历史例证凭通识引用而无页码出处；1859 年学术体例如此，但按现代出处透明度标准只能给 72。