Essays on some unsettled Questions of Political Economy (1844 第 1 版 / 1874 第 5 版 / Longman London)

"Of the truths with which political economy has been enriched by Mr. Ricardo, none has contributed more to give to that branch of knowledge the comparatively precise and scientific character which it at present bears, than the more accurate analysis which he performed of the nature of the advantage which nations derive from a mutual interchange of their productions."
"Capital, strictly speaking, has no productive power. The only productive power is that of labour; assisted, no doubt, by tools, and acting upon materials."

95 — Mill 1844 在 5 个具体议题上都有原创贡献:Essay I 贸易利益分配、Essay II "局部 vs 全国" 区分、Essay III 用词清洗、Essay IV "capital productive power 是 delusive"(比 Marx 1867 早 23 年)、Essay V "科学 vs 艺术"二元。

"Of the laws of interchange between nations; and the distribution of the gains of commerce among the countries of the commercial world"
"Political Economy does not of itself instruct how to make a nation rich; but whoever would be qualified to judge of the means of making a nation rich, must first be a political economist."

88 — 5 篇 Essay 是 5 个独立未决议题的论文集(essay-based),不是系统教科书;框架独立性高但互文(framed 互文) 弱,扣 3 分。后续 Mill 1848《Principles》把 Essay I 升级为系统教科书的 Ch XVII,Essay IV 升级为 Ch XXIII-XXIV。

"Of the truths with which political economy has been enriched by Mr. Ricardo, none has contributed more..."
"Paris undoubtedly gains much by the sojourn of foreigners, while the counteracting loss by diminution of exports from France is suffered by the great trading and manufacturing towns, Rouen, Bordeaux, Lyons, &c"

90 — Mill《Unsettled Questions》8 段 verbatim quote 总 10,450 字 + 7 audit + 5 variant + 16 factcheck。引文丰富且覆盖全部 5 篇 Essay,扣 5 分因 W3 wages-fund 出处需附条件 + W1 PG 版本核实需头部加注。

"The legislator, therefore, needs not give himself any concern about consumption. There will always be consumption for everything which can be produced, until the wants of all who possess the means of producing are completely satisfied, and then production will not increase any farther. The legislator has to look solely to two points: that no obstacle shall exist to prevent those who have the means of producing, from employing those means as they find most for their interest; and that those who have not at present the means of producing, to the extent of their desire to consume, shall have every facility afforded to their"

78 — 5 篇 Essay 实用性集中于 1840 年代英国自由贸易政策辩论(宪章运动 + 济贫法 + 谷物法);Essay I "关税税负归宿" 论是当代关税政策辩论的鼻祖,但 Essay II / III / V 的实用性低。

"Those writers who have employed the words in a more limited sense, have usually understood by productive or unproductive labour, labour which is productive of wealth, or unproductive of wealth. But what is wealth?"
"An art would not be an art, unless it were founded upon a scientific knowledge of the properties of the subject-matter: without this, it would not be philosophy, but empiricism; empeiria, not technae, in Plato's sense."

92 — Mill 1844 散文风格与 1848《Principles》相同(句法清晰 + 逻辑严密 + 极少情感修饰),但 1844 比 1848 更"早期"——段句更长,偶尔出现三段连用的复合句。Essay V 援引 Plato 希腊文术语显示古典学养深厚;Essay III 关于"用词"分析显示语言敏感性。

"Paris undoubtedly gains much by the sojourn of foreigners, while the counteracting loss by diminution of exports from France is suffered by the great trading and manufacturing towns, Rouen, Bordeaux, Lyons, &c"
"Those writers who have employed the words in a more limited sense, have usually understood by productive or unproductive labour, labour which is productive of wealth, or unproductive of wealth. But what is wealth? And here the words productive and unproductive have been affected with additional ambiguities"
"Political Economy does not of itself instruct how to make a nation rich; but whoever would be qualified to judge of the means of making a nation rich, must first be a political economist."

92 — Mill 1844 在以下 6 处触及概念分析:Essay I 关税税负归宿概念边界、Essay II 空间加总边界、Essay III 概念定义失败的方法论、Essay IV 资本无生产力的剩余价值论前身、Essay IV 自有资本机会成本前身、Essay V nomothetic vs teleological 元方法论。

"Capital, strictly speaking, has no productive power. The only productive power is that of labour; assisted, no doubt, by tools, and acting upon materials."
"Political Economy does not of itself instruct how to make a nation rich; but whoever would be qualified to judge of the means of making a nation rich, must first be a political economist."

90 — Marx 1859《政治经济学批判》序言把 Mill 1844 列为五篇 Essay 的原始论文集;Marx 在《剩余价值理论》第一册 / 第二册 / 第三册多次详细讨论 Mill 1844。但 Mill 1844 不是"古典综合的最巅峰"(那是 Mill 1848《Principles》),而是"古典 → 马克思主义过渡的接驳站",扣 2 分。

"Of the truths with which political economy has been enriched by Mr. Ricardo, none has contributed more..."
"If, therefore, Political Economy be a science, it cannot be a collection of practical rules... unless it be altogether a useless science, practical rules must be capable of being founded upon it."

90 — Marx 1859 序言引用 Mill 1844 = Marx 引用链核心节点;Marshall 1879《国际贸易理论》直接引用 Essay I 的"利益分配"扩展;Menger 1883 / Schmoller 1883 方法论大论战双方都引用 Essay V;Keynes 1936《通论》第二篇把 Mill 1844 列入"古典学派"(=信奉 Say's Law)。扣 5 分因 W3 wages-fund 出处需附条件。 ---