Principles of Political Economy (1848 第 1 版 / 1848 Longman London 2 卷本 / Ashley 1909 ed. Longmans 7 卷本 / NOT 1885 Laughlin Abridged American Ed. D. Appleton NY 单卷本)

"There is a third requisite of production, capital ... so soon as the element of time enters into production, then a store of capital becomes necessary; that is, so soon as production requires such a term that during the operation the laborer can not at the same time provide himself with subsistence, then capital is a requisite of production."
"It would be possible for the state to guarantee employment at ample wages to all who are born. But if it does this, it is bound in self-protection ... to provide that no person shall be born without its consent."
"The gross profits from capital, the gains returned to those who supply the funds for production, must suffice for these three purposes; and the three parts into which profit may be considered as resolving itself may be described respectively as interest, insurance, and wages of superintendence."

95 — Mill 在 5 处都有前所未见的洞察:工资基金论的放弃(1869)是经济学史的标志性事件;节制生育论是 19 世纪英国中产阶级对工人阶级"道德绑架"的巅峰;利润三件套分解 = Senior"abstinence"继承 + 监督工资论(Mill 修订);地租 = 自然垄断概念;价值二分 = use value 是 exchange value 的极限。

"the whole process of production, beginning with the materials and tools and ending with the finished product, all the advances have consisted of nothing but wages, except that certain of the capitalists concerned have, for the sake of general convenience, had their share of profit paid to them before the operation was completed."
"The word Value, when used without adjunct, always means, in political economy, value in exchange ... By the price of a thing, therefore, we shall henceforth understand its value in money; by the value, or exchange value of a thing, its general power of purchasing."

92 — Mill 搭建的古典综合框架是 19 世纪下半叶经济学话语的标准:生产三件套 + 价值二分 + 利润分解 + 地租自然垄断 + 分配五章。后续 Walras / Jevons / Marshall / Pareto / Wicksell / Schumpeter 都受其过渡。但框架深度不及 Schumpeter《经济发展理论》(1911) 的创新循环(innovation cycle)和 Pareto 1896《政治经济学讲义》的精英循环(elite circulation),扣 3 分。

"the people of a country are maintained and have their wants supplied, not by the produce of present labor, but of past."
"Mr. Mill admitted that Mr. Thornton had induced him to abandon his Wages-Fund Theory."

88 — Mill《Principles》8 段 verbatim quote 总 11,348 字(Laughlin 1885 节选教学版全文 1,478,528 chars)+ 14 个 factcheck + 6 audit。引文丰富,但本卷缺 Book IV-V(Laughlin abridged edition 删去 Book V 主体 + 截断于 Book III Ch I §3)+ 缺原版自序,扣 5 分。

"It would be possible for the state to guarantee employment at ample wages to all who are born. But if it does this, it is bound in self-protection ... to provide that no person shall be born without its consent."

78 — Mill 1848 第 1 版 Book V "On the Influence of Government" 是实用性最强的部分(政府职能 6 项例外),但 1885 Laughlin abridged edition 删去本卷 Book V 主体,实用性原文缺位严重。节制生育论在 1848 实用但被 Marx 嘲笑。

"Of natural powers, some are unlimited, others limited in quantity. By an unlimited quantity is of course not meant literally, but practically unlimited ... In all old countries, land capable of cultivation, land at least of any tolerable fertility, must be ranked among agents limited in quantity."
"Wages, then, depend mainly upon the demand and supply of labor; or, as it is often expressed, on the proportion between population and capital."

95 — Mill 是英语散文中最好读的政治经济学家。De Quincey 称"the acute Mill",Arnold 称"the saint of rationalism",Spencer 称"my master"。Mill 文字特点:句法清晰,逻辑严密,极少有情感修饰;类比恰当,例证丰富(面包案例 / 钉子案例 / 棉纺案例 / 水之有用性案例);长段连续不显累赘,与 Adam Smith 长段叙述相同,但更紧凑。

"The cause of profit is, that labor produces more than is required for its support ... We thus see that profit arises, not from the incident of exchange, but from the productive power of labor."
"It is at once evident that rent is the effect of a monopoly. The reason why land-owners are able to require rent for their land is, that it is a commodity which many want, and which no one can obtain but from them."
"Value in use, or, as Mr. De Quincey calls it, teleologic value, is the extreme limit of value in exchange."

90 — Mill 在以下 6 处触及概念分析:工资基金论(把 wages-fund 与 capital accumulation 联系起来);节制生育论(触及工人阶级家庭与生产关系的纽带);利润分解三件套(触及资本家的多重角色 laborator + supervisor + abstainer);地租自然垄断(触及资源稀缺与生产关系);价值二分(触及效用边界的边际革命前身);生产三件套(触及劳动 + 资本 + 自然 agent 的稀缺经济学)。

"Mr. Mill admitted that Mr. Thornton had induced him to abandon his Wages-Fund Theory."
"the people of a country are maintained and have their wants supplied, not by the produce of present labor, but of past."

92 — Mill 是 Marx 公开引用的经济学家(1847《哲学的贫困》+ 1859《政治经济学批判》+ 1867《资本论》第一卷 + 1875《哥达纲领批判》)。但 Marx 反复嘲笑 Mill:节制生育论 = "资产阶级反革命理论家";利润分解三件套 = "试图把资本主义生产关系合理化的最后避难所";工资基金论 = "循环论证"。Mill 自承放弃工资基金论(1869)是经济学家史的诚信里程碑。

"all the advances have consisted of nothing but wages."
"use value is the extreme limit of exchange value."

88 — Mill 1848 是 Marx 写《资本论》的核心反面 reference:1847《哲学的贫困》ch.II §3 直接反驳 Mill 工资基金论;1859《政治经济学批判》序言论 Mill《1844》手稿;1867《资本论》第一卷第二版跋;1875《哥达纲领批判》继续嘲笑 Mill 节制生育论。后续 Walras 1874-77《纯粹政治经济学要义》/ Jevons 1871《Theory of Political Economy》/ Marshall 1890《Principles of Economics》都受 Mill 过渡影响。