A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859, v1 rescore)

In broad outlines we can designate the Asiatic, the ancient, the feudal, and the modern bourgeois methods of production as so many epochs in the progress of the economic formation of society. The bourgeois relations of production are the last antagonistic form of the social process of production

历史唯物主义 5 阶段论母命题,后世影响至 Weber (1922) + Parsons (1937) + Wallerstein (1974) + Anderson (1974)。

At first sight the wealth of society under the capitalist system presents itself as an immense accumulation of commodities, its unit being a single commodity. But every commodity has a twofold aspect, that of use value and exchange value

商品二元分析 + 财富的资本主义表象批判,Dualität 作为 BOOK I 体系化基石。

Wheat e. g. is a distinct use-value differing from the use-values cotton, glass, paper, etc. Use-value has a value only in use and is realized only in the process of consumption

具体物质 (wheat/cotton/glass/paper) 案例,史源精确。

The first process of circulation constitutes, so to say, the theoretical preparatory process to actual circulation. To begin with, commodities which are use-values by nature, acquire a form in which they appear in idea to each other as exchange values, as definite quantities of incorporated universal labor-time

货币作为普遍劳动时间化身,后世劳动价值论的母命题。

Suppose, we have a commodity whose use-value is that of a diamond. We can not tell by looking at the diamond that it is a commodity. When it serves as a use-value, aesthetic or mechanical, on the breast of a harlot, or in the hand of a glasscutter, it is a diamond and not a commodity

Diamond 比喻精当:物的物理性与社会性区分。

With the change of the economic foundation the entire immense superstructure is more or less rapidly transformed. In considering such transformations the distinction should always be made between the material transformation of the economic conditions of production which can be determined with the precision of natural science, and the legal, political, religious, aesthetic or philosophic―in short ideological forms

上层建筑 + 意识形态 二元分析,后世文化研究、文学批评、政治学左翼奠基。

The subject of my professional studies was jurisprudence, which I pursued, however, in connection with and as secondary to the studies of philosophy and history. In 1842-43, as editor of the 'Rheinische Zeitung,' I found myself embarrassed at first when I had to take part in discussions concerning so-called material interests

Marx 自述学术训练 + Rheinische Zeitung 编辑经历,与 Card 2517 Hegel (法哲学批判) 同框 anchor。

Washington, and the private library of Professor Seligman to whose kindness the translator is indebted for the permission to use rare works of the seventeenth century quoted by Marx. Several of Marx's references to the pages of the books quoted by him have been found to be wrong and therefore differ here from those given in the original

N. I. Stone 1904 译本成熟,华盛顿国会图书馆 + Seligman 私人藏书作来源,史源核校严谨。