An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding, Volume 1 (1689, v1 rescore)

Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas:—How comes it to be furnished? ... To this I answer, in one word, from EXPERIENCE

白纸比喻 + 经验主义总开关,Hume 1748 + Kant 1781 都从此出发。

This, therefore, being my purpose—to inquire into the original, certainty, and extent of HUMAN KNOWLEDGE, together with the grounds and degrees of BELIEF, OPINION, and ASSENT ... First, I shall inquire into the original of those ideas ... Secondly, ... Thirdly, ... of FAITH or OPINION

三段法探究法方法论总纲。

It is an established opinion amongst some men, that there are in the understanding certain INNATE PRINCIPLES; some primary notions, Κοινὰι εὔνοιαι, characters, as it were stamped upon the mind of man ... It would be sufficient to convince unprejudiced readers of the falseness of this supposition, if I should only show ... how men, barely by the use of their natural faculties may attain to all the knowledge they have

反天赋观念母命题。

To discover the nature of our IDEAS the better ... it will be convenient to distinguish them AS THEY ARE IDEAS OR PERCEPTIONS IN OUR MINDS; and AS THEY ARE MODIFICATIONS OF MATTER IN THE BODIES THAT CAUSE SUCH PERCEPTIONS IN US

物质哲学二分, Berkeley 1710 + 当代 qualia 问题源头。

under-labourer

(辅助工人)身份为 Malebranche、Descartes 等伟人"扫清道路";17 世纪英国古典散文典范。

ANOTHER occasion the mind often takes of comparing, is the very being of things, when, considering ANYTHING AS EXISTING AT ANY DETERMINED TIME AND PLACE, we compare it with ITSELF EXISTING AT ANOTHER TIME

时空坐标同一性论,Leibniz-Clarke 1715-1716 论战核心。

But, which is worse, this argument of universal consent, which is made use of to prove innate principles, seems to me a demonstration that there are none such: because there are none to which all mankind give an universal assent

反"普遍同意"论证是 Locke 经验主义最具杀伤力的具体论证。

The understanding seems to me not to have the least glimmering of any ideas which it doth not receive from one of these two. EXTERNAL OBJECTS furnish the mind with the ideas of sensible qualities ... THE MIND furnishes the understanding with ideas of its own operations

经验主义双源(sensation + reflection)权威定式。