Political Economy (1878 普及教材 / 16 章 Science Primer / Macmillan & Co. London 1878 / NOT 1871《The Theory of Political Economy》)

In preparing this little treatise, I have tried to put the truths of Political Economy into a form suitable for elementary instruction. While connected with Owens College, it was my duty, as Cobden Lecturer on Political Economy, to instruct a class of pupil-teachers, in order that they might afterwards introduce the teaching of this important subject into elementary schools. There can be no doubt that it is most desirable to disseminate knowledge of the truths of political economy through all classes of the population by any means which may be available. From ignorance of these truths arise many of the worst social evils--disastrous strikes and lockouts, opposition to improvements, improvidence, destitution, misguided charity, and discouraging failure in many well-intended measures.

边际效用教学化降维(§10-12 final degree 改 law of variety) + 太阳黑子周期(§90) + 反工会著名立场(§51-53 "to strike is an act of folly") + Whately 普及主义纲领(Preface) + 信用周期十年循环论开山(§90) + Senior utility 二元论 + 真实工资/名义工资方法论区分(§43)。

In modern times the division of labour is immensely complicated: not only has every town and village its different tradespeople, and artisans and men in different posts and employments, but each district has its peculiar manufactures. In one place cotton goods are produced; in another, woollen goods; in other parts of the country flax, jute, silk are manufactured. Iron is made in Staffordshire, Cleveland, South Wales, and Scotland; copper is smelted in South Wales; crockery is baked in the potteries; hosiery is manufactured in Nottingham and Leicester; linens are sewed in the North of Ireland; and so on. ... The greatest inventors, such as James Watt, Bramah, Fulton, Roberts, Nasmyth, Howe, Fairbairn, Whitworth, the Stephensons, Wheatstone, Bessemer, Siemens, have not been led to invention in the way described by Adam Smith, but have cultivated an original genius by careful study and long practice in mechanical construction.

16 章系统框架 + Cobden Lecturer 教学化分层 + utility → consumption → production → distribution → exchange → taxation → currency → labour → wages → trade-unions → credit cycle 完整链 + law of variety / law of succession of wants 普及化概念工具 + produce = wages + rent + interest + taxes 四件套 + 16 个 chapter 系统框架覆盖完整。

In the first of her tales on political economy, called 'Life in the Wilds,' Miss Martineau has beautifully described the position of settlers at the Cape of Good Hope, who are imagined to have been attacked by Bushmen and robbed of their stock of capital. She shows us how difficult it is to get any food or to do any useful work, because something else is wanted beforehand--some tool, or material, or at any rate time to make it. But there is no time to make anything, because all attention has to be given to finding shelter for the night, and something for supper. ... We can hardly say that capital is as requisite to production as land and labour, for the reason that capital must have been the produce of land and labour. ... #Capital is requisite, then, not so much that we shall labour, but that we shall labour economically and with great success.#

8 段 verbatim 11000+ chars(每个 dim 至少 1 段覆盖)+ 1860s 英社会经济状况实例(澳洲水荒 3 先令一桶 / 美国 1873 危机 / 南海泡沫牛顿 / MartineaU《Life in the Wilds》殖民者案例) + Senior utility 定义引文 + Adam Smith 钉子案例 + John Watts《Catechism of Wages and Capital》算术反诘。

In early boyhood I learned my first ideas of political economy from a copy of these lessons, from the preface to which I quote these remarks of Whately: 'The rudiments of sound knowledge concerning these (subjects) may, it has been found by experience, be communicated at a very early age.... Those, therefore, who are engaged in conducting, or in patronising or promoting education, should consider it a matter of no small moment to instil, betimes, just notions on subjects with which all must in after-life be practically conversant, and in which no class of men, from the highest to the lowest, can, in such a country as this at least, be safely left in ignorance or in error.' In later years like opinions have been held and efforts made by Mr. William Ellis, Professor W.B. Hodgson, Dr. John Watts, Mr. Templar, and others, and experience seems to confirm both the need and the practicability of the teaching advocated by Whately.

"political economy is no cold-blooded science" 普及化使命 + Whately 小学教育纲领 + Cobden Lectures 培训 pupil-teachers 的实操定位 + 信用周期反周期方法论 "the best time to begin a new factory ... is when the trade is depressed"。

It is common to hear people say that water is the most useful substance in the world, and so it is--in the right place, and at the right time. But if water is too plentiful and flows into your cellars, it is not useful there; if it soaks through the walls and produces rheumatism, it is hurtful, not useful. ... In Australia the droughts last for one or two or even three years, and in the interior of the continent the rivers sometimes dry up altogether. The dirtiest pools then become very valuable for keeping the flocks of sheep alive. In New South Wales water has been sold for three shillings a bucketful. ... All that we can really say is that #water is useful when and where we want it, and in such quantity as we want, and not otherwise#.

简洁清晰(Primer 风格) + 案例驱动(水 / 柴 / 小麦 / 钉子 / 殖民者 / 牛顿南海泡沫) + 教学化 tone + 无冗长 19 世纪华丽辞藻 + 每个概念后接具体例子 + 章节短句节奏佳(教科书标配)。

#37. Labour cannot be Capital.# It is not uncommon to hear it said that #labour is the poor man's capital#; and then it is argued that the poor man has just as much right to live upon his capital as the rich man upon his. And so he has, if he can do it. If a labourer can go and produce any kind of wealth, and exchange it for food and necessaries, of course he may do so. But, as a general rule, he cannot do this without working for a length of time, waiting till the produce is finished and sold. In order to do this he wants something more than his labour, namely, his food in the meantime, besides materials and tools. These form the required capital, and there is no good in calling labour capital when it is really quite a different thing. At other times I have heard it said that #land is capital, intelligence is capital#, and so forth. These are all misleading expressions. The intended meaning seems to be that some people live upon what they get from land, or from intelligence, as other people live upon what they get as interest upon capital. Nevertheless, land is not capital, nor is intelligence capital. Production requires, as we have seen, three distinct things, namely, land, labour, and capital; and there is much harm in confusing things together by giving them the same name when they are not the same thing.

本卷是 Primer 深度有上限,但 utility → production → capital → labour → wages → trade-unions → credit cycle 链条覆盖完整 + §53 工会议价谬误(form/collective 逻辑混淆)有锐度 + §37 劳动非资本反 Lassalle 论 + 太阳黑子周期论开山(虽简化但完整) + 14 个 fact-check 涵盖 Senior/Smith/Martineau/Watts/Langton/Mills/Schwabe 7 个真实学术权威。

W. STANLEY JEVONS, LL.D., M.A., F.R.S., PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON; EXAMINER IN LOGIC AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.

时任 Owens College Cobden Lecturer + 1876 转任 University College London 政治经济学教授 + Macmillan 出版社 + Science Primer Series(与 Huxley 同系列) + Jevons 1871 学术版《Theory》前 7 年成熟期写作 + F.R.S. (1872) + LL.D. (1874 爱丁堡大学荣誉学位) + 14 fact-check 中 11 clean + 1 unsupported + 1 outdated + 1 rhetorical。

Good vintage years on the continent of Europe, and droughts in India, recur every ten or eleven years, and it seems probable that commercial crises are connected with a periodic variation of weather, affecting all parts of the earth, and probably arising from increased waves of heat received from the sun at average intervals of ten years and a fraction. A greater supply of heat increases the harvests, makes capital more abundant and trade more successful, and thus helps to create the hopefulness out of which a bubble arises. ... Generally, #a credit cycle#, as Mr. John Mills of Manchester has called it, will last #about ten years#. ... the best time to begin a new factory, mine, or business of any kind, is when the trade is depressed, and when wages and interest are low.

普及化政治经济学定位 + 1870s 英贸易保护 / 工会 / 货币信用周期争议 + Marx《资本论》第一卷同期(1867)平行思想史 + 1871 Trade Union Act 立法论战 + 1873 维也纳/纽约银行危机 + 太阳黑子经济周期论 19 世纪末开山 + Jevons 1878 BAAS 演讲延续。