An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748, v1 rescore)

Here therefore we may divide all the perceptions of the mind into two classes or species, which are distinguished by their different degrees of force and vivacity ... By the term impression, then, I mean all our more lively perceptions, when we hear, or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will. And impressions are distinguished from ideas, which are the less lively perceptions

impressions vs ideas 二分是经验主义奠基命题,Hume 是最严谨形态,Kant 1781 触发点 #1。

Moral philosophy, or the science of human nature, may be treated after two different manners ... The one considers man chiefly as born for action ... The other species of philosophers consider man in the light of a reasonable rather than an active being, and endeavour to form his understanding more than cultivate his manners

easy vs abstruse 哲学二分 + 12 Section 体系化开篇母题。

all this creative power of the mind amounts to no more than the faculty of compounding, transposing, augmenting, or diminishing the materials afforded us by the senses and experience ... all our ideas or more feeble perceptions are copies of our impressions or more lively ones

"all our ideas are copies of our impressions" 经验主义奠基命题的最严谨表述。

This principle is Custom or Habit ... we assert that, after the constant conjunction of two objects ... we are determined by custom alone to expect the one from the appearance of the other ... All inferences from experience, therefore, are effects of custom, not of reasoning

Custom/Habit 因果论是 Kant 1781 + Lewis 1980 + Pearl 1990s + 现代 Bayesian 推理 + EBM 1992 的共同哲学源头。

It is evident that there is a principle of connexion between the different thoughts or ideas of the mind ... Among different languages, even where we cannot suspect the least connexion or communication, it is found, that the words, expressive of ideas, the most compounded, do yet nearly correspond to each other: a certain proof that the simple ideas, comprehended in the compound ones, were bound together by some universal principle, which had an equal influence on all mankind

跨语言论证 + 苏格兰经验主义清晰论证体例典范。

There are no ideas, which occur in metaphysics, more obscure and uncertain, than those of power, force, energy or necessary connexion, of which it is every moment necessary for us to treat in all our disquisitions ... all our ideas are nothing but copies of our impressions ... we may, perhaps, attain a new microscope or species of optics, by which, in the moral sciences, the most minute, and most simple ideas may be so enlarged as to fall readily under our apprehension

跨认识论 + 形而上学 + 心灵哲学 + 数学哲学 4 学科拷问,摹状"new microscope"现代心灵哲学意象。

All the objects of human reason or enquiry may naturally be divided into two kinds, to wit, Relations of Ideas, and Matters of Fact ... That the sun will not rise to-morrow is no less intelligible a proposition, and implies no more contradiction than the affirmation, that it will rise

relations of ideas vs matters of fact 二分是 Kant 1781《纯粹理性批判》"先天综合判断"概念的反命题,Kant 自承"我被 Hume 从独断论迷梦中唤醒"。

The fame of Cicero flourishes at present; but that of Aristotle is utterly decayed. La Bruyere passes the seas, and still maintains his reputation: But the glory of Malebranche is confined to his own nation, and to his own age. And Addison, perhaps, will be read with pleasure, when Locke

Hume 自比 Locke 1689 + Cicero + Addison 古典哲学传统,Selby-Bigge 1882 编注是 Oxford 标准本。