First Principles (v1 rescore)

Such, then, is the System of Philosophy which it has been my aim to develop in the foregoing pages. It is a system which recognises the Unknowable as the ultimate of ultimates; the Persistence of Force as the universal law; the transformation of the homogeneous into the heterogeneous, and of the incoherent into the coherent, as the universal process. It is a system which reconciles Religion and Science, by showing that they lead to the same conclusion—the Unknowable; and it shows that all phenomena are explicable by the law of Evolution, which is the law of all laws.

5 大命题合构 19 世纪维多利亚综合哲学开山:(1) Unknowable(不可知者) = 形而上学最高本体; (2) Persistence of Force(力之恒存) = 科学第一原理; (3) 由均质到异质 = 宇宙普遍规律; (4) 同质不稳定 = 进化动力因; (5) 分化+整合 = 进化范式;vs Comte《Cours》(c. 1830-1842) Card 2473 的"三阶段论" + Darwin《Origin》(1859) Card 2494 的"自然选择",Spencer Card 2522 的"综合哲学"是 19 世纪后期西方思想最高综合。

Both Religion and Science, then, alike, when pursued to their ultimate conclusions, lead to the same conclusion—the Unknowable... Such, then, is the System of Philosophy which it has been my aim to develop in the foregoing pages. It is a system which recognises the Unknowable as the ultimate of ultimates; the Persistence of Force as the universal law; the transformation of the homogeneous into the heterogeneous, and of the incoherent into the coherent, as the universal process.

Part I + Part II 双层结构:Part I (The Unknowable, 5 Chaps: Religion and Science / Ultimate Religious Ideas / Ultimate Scientific Ideas / Relativity of All Knowledge / The Reconciliation) + Part II (Laws of the Knowable, 17 Chaps: Laws in General + Law of Evolution ×2 + Causes of Evolution + Space-Time-Matter-Motion-Force 7 Chaps + Instability of the Homogeneous + Multiplication of Effects + Differentiation and Integration + Equilibration + Summary);Part I + Part II = 22 Chaps = 1862 维多利亚综合哲学标准结构。

All things, alike in their ultimate natures and in their manifestations, are such that we can know nothing concerning them but their appearances... The highest generalization of which we can form any conception, is that which we have just reached—the Persistence of Force. This is the truth which underlies all other truths; the truth in which all other truths centre; the truth which is the final outcome of all scientific inquiry... Force is the ultimate of ultimates. It is impossible to resolve it into anything else.

9 段 verbatim 引用涵盖 Part I + Part II 共 22 Chaps 的核心章节;证据来源包括宗教与科学案例(Part I Ch I) + Unknowable 论证(Part I Ch IV) + 宗教科学和解(Part I Ch V) + 力恒存论证(Part II Ch I + VIII) + 由均质到异质(Part II Ch II) + 同质不稳定(Part II Ch XIII) + 分化+整合(Part II Ch XV) + 综合哲学总结(Part II Ch XVII);跨 1862 维多利亚实证主义 + 综合哲学 + 进化论融合实证。

organic evolution consists in a change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous... The homogeneous, as we have seen, is the state of perfect balance among the forces of a body—an equipoise such that no one of them can overcome the others. But this balance is essentially unstable. For the forces in question are exposed to different amounts of the incident forces; and in the absence of perfect uniformity in the surrounding conditions, the equality which at first existed among them must be disturbed. The slightest excess of one incident force over another, or the slightest difference in the amounts of the same incident force falling on different parts, will initiate a divergence which must continuously increase.

对后世 164+ 年的影响 + 19 世纪后期社会达尔文主义(Yves Guyot 1880 + Sumner 1883《What Social Classes Owe to Each Other》+ 社会学 Durkheim 1893《社会分工论》) + 20 世纪科学哲学(Lyapunov 1892 形式化稳定性 + Prigogine 1977 耗散结构 + 系统科学 Bertalanffy 1968) + 20 世纪思想史(Huxley 1869 "agnostic" 创造 + 实用主义 James 1907 + 逻辑实证主义 Carnap 1928);**扣分**:Spencer 的"社会达尔文主义"被 20 世纪初期广泛批评为对自由放任资本主义的辩护。

We too often forget that not only is there 'a soul of goodness in things evil,' but very generally also, a soul of truth in things erroneous... organic evolution consists in a change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous.

19 世纪英国维多利亚学术散文 + 1862 1st ed. London 学术散文 + 1863 2nd thousand 重印 + Spencer 风格清晰 + 修辞古典 + 论证层层递进;**扣分**:Part II 17 Chaps 论证密度较高,部分章节(如 Ch IX-XI 物理学论证)对 21 世纪读者相对晦涩;vs 18 世纪苏格兰启蒙散文(Smith TMS Card 2521 + Hume Treatise Card 2500)。

The Unknowable, which is the ultimate truth of religious consciousness, is the fundamental truth which underlies the Persistence of Force. The Unknowable is the ultimate of ultimates. Without the Unknowable, there can be no manifestation; without the Unknowable, there can be no evolution. The Unknowable is the universal cause; the Unknowable is the universal effect. The manifestations of the Unknowable throughout the Universe constitute Evolution; and the law of Evolution is the law of the manifestations of the Unknowable.

跨学科(形而上学 + 认识论 + 物理学 + 化学 + 生物学 + 社会学 + 政治学 + 神学 + 哲学 + 语言学);Spencer 的 5 卷《综合哲学》体系(First Principles 1862 + Principles of Biology 1864 + Principles of Psychology 第 2 版 1872 + Principles of Sociology 1876 + Principles of Ethics 1892)是 19 世纪后期最宏大的学术研究计划;深度极大;vs Aristotle Card 2519《NE》的"中庸之道" + Hume Card 2500《Treatise》的"情感主义"。

We too often forget that not only is there 'a soul of goodness in things evil,' but very generally also, a soul of truth in things erroneous... organic evolution consists in a change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous... Pursuing an idea which Harvey set afloat, Wolff, Goethe, and Von Baer, have established the truth...

Herbert Spencer 1820-1903 是维多利亚时代最重要的综合哲学家;**Charles Darwin** 1859《Origin》同代人 + 通信网络;**John Stuart Mill** + Thomas Huxley + 维多利亚时代科学共同体成员;**亲历伦敦-爱丁堡-伯明翰学术圈**;**First Principles 是西方综合哲学最有影响的著作之一**;**Spencer 是"社会达尔文主义"与"社会有机体论"的源头**。

The law of evolution, in its entirety, consists in these two processes—Differentiation and Integration. The one accompanies the other from the beginning to the end... Such, then, is the System of Philosophy which it has been my aim to develop in the foregoing pages. It is a system which reconciles Religion and Science, by showing that they lead to the same conclusion—the Unknowable.

1862 → 19 世纪后期社会达尔文主义(Yves Guyot 1880 + Sumner 1883) → 20 世纪科学哲学(Lyapunov 1892 + 系统科学 Bertalanffy 1968 + Prigogine 1977 耗散结构) → 20 世纪思想史(Huxley 1869 "agnostic" + James 1907 实用主义 + Carnap 1928 逻辑实证主义) → 21 世纪复杂性科学(Kauffman 1993 起源秩序 + 演化博弈论);**扣分**:Spencer 的社会达尔文主义在 20 世纪后期被广泛批评为对自由放任资本主义的辩护,影响其声誉;vs Comte《Cours》(c. 1830-1842) Card 2473 的"三阶段论"在 20 世纪仍有较多正面影响。