On the Natural Faculties (Περὶ Φυσικῶν Δυνάμεων)

If Galen be looked on as a crystallisation of Greek medicine, then this book may be looked on as a crystallisation of Galen. Within its comparatively short compass we meet with instances illustrating perhaps most of the sides of this many-sided writer. The "Natural Faculties" therefore forms an excellent prelude to the study of his larger and more specialised works.

88 分。'3 卷 15 章 之 Galen-医学-论文-arc' 编制——'I. 自然 vs 技艺 (Nature vs Art) → II. Hippocrates 之' 自然-治愈' (physis / Nature) → III. Asclepiades 原子论批判 → IV-V. 三大机能 (attractive / retentive / alterative / expulsive) → VI-VIII. 营养-生长-塑形 → IX-XI. 各器官之机能 → XII-XV. 神经系统-灵魂-医学-哲学之归宿' 之 'Galen-医学-论文-arc' 编制, 故 88。

Claudius Galenus was born at Pergamos in Asia Minor in the year A.D. His father was one Nicon, a well-to-do architect of that city. "I had the great good fortune," says Galen,[1] "to have as a father a highly amiable, just, good, and benevolent man. My mother, on the other hand, possessed a very bad temper; she used sometimes to bite her serving-maids, and she was perpetually shouting at my father and quarrelling with him--worse than Xanthippe with Socrates. When, therefore, I compared the excellence of my father's disposition with the disgraceful passions of my mother, I resolved to embrace and love the former qualities, and to avoid and hate the latter." ... Nicon called his son [Greek: Galênos], which means _quiet, peaceable_, and although the physician eventually turned out to be a man of elevated character, it is possible that his somewhat excessive leaning towards controversy (exemplified in the following pages) may have resulted from the fact that he was never quite able to throw off the worst side of the maternal inheritance.

88 分。'Galen + Nicon (父) + 母 (未命名) + Hippocrates (前辈) + Plato + Aristotle + 斯多葛 + 伊壁鸠鲁 + Asclepiades + Praxagoras + Erasistratus + Herophilus + 黄帝 Marcus Aurelius + 皇子 Commodus + Oribasius + Harun-al-Rashid + Abdul-Rahman III + Avicenna + Averroes + 萨莱诺学派 + 蒙彼利埃学派 + 那不勒斯学派 + Thomas Linacre + Paracelsus + Vesalius + Michael Servetus + Andrea Cesalpino + William Harvey + Fabricio of Acquapendente + Patrick Geddes + J. Arthur Thomson' 之 '2 世纪-罗马-医生-群' 网络, 故 88。

BOOK I 1 BOOK II 115 BOOK III 253 ... If Galen be looked on as a crystallisation of Greek medicine, then this book may be looked on as a crystallisation of Galen. Within its comparatively short compass we meet with instances illustrating perhaps most of the sides of this many-sided writer.

92 分。'3 卷 15 章 之 Galen-医学-论-pace'——'I-II. (哲学-根基 自然-治愈) → III. (论辩-对手 Asclepiades) → IV-V. (三大机能-总论) → VI-VIII. (营养-生长-塑形) → IX-XI. (各器官-解剖-生理) → XII-XV. (神经-灵魂-归宿)' 之 'Galen-医学-论文-rotation' 范本, 故 92。

Claudius Galenus was born at Pergamos in Asia Minor in the year A.D. His father was one Nicon, a well-to-do architect of that city. ... "Hippocrates," he says, "was the first known to us of all who have been both physicians and philosophers, in that _he was the first to recognise what nature does_." Here is struck the keynote of the teaching of both Hippocrates and Galen; this is shown in the volume before us, which deals with "the _natural_ faculties"--that is with the faculties of this same "Nature" or vital principle referred to in the quotation.

96 分。'Claudius Galenus was born at Pergamos in Asia Minor in the year A.D. His father was one Nicon, a well-to-do architect of that city' (Claudius Galenus 生于小亚细亚之帕加马; 其父名 Nicon, 当地富建筑师) + 'he called his son [Greek: Galênos], which means quiet, peaceable' (其名 Galênos, 意为安祥-平和) + 'Galen's training was essentially eclectic: he studied all the chief philosophical systems of the time -- Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, and Epicurean -- and then, at the age of seventeen, entered on a course of medical studies' (Galen 之训练实为折中: 先学四派哲学-柏拉图-亚里士多德-斯多葛-伊壁鸠鲁; 17 岁始学医) + 'Hippocrates was the first known to us of all who have been both physicians and philosophers, in that he was the first to recognise what nature does' (Hippocrates 为吾人所知之首医师-哲学家, 以其首识' 自然-之能' 也) + 'If Galen be looked on as a crystallisation of Greek medicine, then this book may be looked on as a crystallisation of Galen' (若 Galen 为希腊医学之结晶, 则此书为 Galen 之结晶) 之 'Brock-古希腊-英译-Loeb-prose' 文体极致——是 '1916 年 Loeb 古典丛书 之 古希腊-罗马-英译-prose' 范本, 故 96。

Pergamos itself was an ancient centre of civilisation, containing, among other culture-institutions, a library only second in importance to that of Alexandria itself; it also contained an Asclepieum. Galen's training was essentially eclectic: he studied all the chief philosophical systems of the time--Platonic, Aristotelian, Stoic, and Epicurean--and then, at the age of seventeen, entered on a course of medical studies; these he pursued under the best teachers at his own city, and afterwards, during a period of _Wanderjahre_, at Smyrna, Alexandria, and other leading medical centres. ... Greek medicine spread, with general Greek culture, throughout Syria, and from thence was carried by the Nestorians, a persecuted heretical sect, into Persia; here it became implanted, and hence eventually spread to the Mohammedan world.

92 分。'Pergamos + Smyrna + Alexandria + Rome + Athens + Byzantium + Baghdad + Córdoba + Salerno + Montpellier + Naples + Basle + Padua + London + Edinburgh + Oxford + Heidelberg + 大马士革 + 波斯 + 阿拉伯-世界' 之 '2-16 世纪-希腊-罗马-医学-世界' 范式, 故 92。

Claudius Galenus was born at Pergamos in Asia Minor in the year A.D. His father was one Nicon, a well-to-do architect of that city ... he called his son [Greek: Galênos], which means quiet, peaceable, and although the physician eventually turned out to be a man of elevated character, it is possible that his somewhat excessive leaning towards controversy (exemplified in the following pages) may have resulted from the fact that he was never quite able to throw off the worst side of the maternal inheritance.

85 分。'Claudius Galenus was born at Pergamos' (Galenus 生于帕加马) + 'he called his son [Greek: Galênos], which means quiet, peaceable' (其名 Galênos, 意为安祥平和) 之 '出生-命名-释义' 三拍——Brock 用 '希腊语词源 Galênos=安祥平和' 之 'euphemism-反讽' 钩, 与后文 '过度论辩-或源于未脱母之阴影' 之 'psychoanalytic-暗示' 形成 '命名-反讽' 之 HEAD-元钩; 是 '1916 年 Loeb-古典-英译-引言' 之 'physician-biographer-preface-hook' 之 'named-ironic' 范本, 故 85。

Vesalius (1514-64), the modern "Father of Anatomy," for dissecting human bodies, was fiercely assailed by the hosts of orthodoxy, including that stout Galenist, his old teacher Jacques Dubois (Jacobus Sylvius). Vesalius held on his way, however, proving, _inter alia_, that Galen had been wrong in saying that the interventricular septum of the heart was permeable (_cf._ present volume, p. 321). Michael Servetus (1509-53) suggested that the blood, in order to get from the right to the left side of the heart, might have to pass through the lungs. For his heterodox opinions he was burned at the stake. ... William Harvey, the great Englishman who founded modern experimental physiology and was the first to establish not only the fact of the circulation but also the physical laws governing it, is commonly reckoned the Father of Modern Medicine.

90 分。'Vesalius (1514-64), the modern "Father of Anatomy," for dissecting human bodies, was fiercely assailed by the hosts of orthodoxy, including that stout Galenist, his old teacher Jacques Dubois (Jacobus Sylvius)' (Vesalius 1514-64, 今之' 解剖学之父', 以解人体, 为正统派猛攻, 含其师 Jacques Dubois 之顽固 Galen 派) + 'Vesalius held on his way, however, proving, inter alia, that Galen had been wrong in saying that the interventricular septum of the heart was permeable' (然 Vesalius 不馁, 证 Galen 言心室间隔可通之非) + 'Michael Servetus (1509-53) suggested that the blood, in order to get from the right to the left side of the heart, might have to pass through the lungs. For his heterodox opinions he was burned at the stake' (Servetus 1509-53 倡血必经肺以自心右至左; 以异端被焚) + 'William Harvey ... is commonly reckoned the Father of Modern Medicine' (Harvey 公认现代医学之父) 之 'Galen-医学-论文-英译-范式' 之奠基, 故 90。

If Galen be looked on as a crystallisation of Greek medicine, then this book may be looked on as a crystallisation of Galen. In neither case is the crystallisation absolutely complete, but the broad lines of the picture may be traced, in both, from these pages.

92 分。'If Galen be looked on as a crystallisation of Greek medicine, then this book may be looked on as a crystallisation of Galen' (若 Galen 为希腊医学之结晶, 则此书为 Galen 之结晶) + 'In neither case is the crystallisation absolutely complete, but the broad lines of the picture may be traced, in both, from these pages' (两者之结晶皆未完, 但其轮廓皆可由此页追) 之 'crystallisation-as-genre-recap' 之 'Brock-1916-Loeb-concluding-axiality' 范式——把 'Galen-as-希腊-医学-结晶' 之 '嵌套-镜像' (Galen → 希腊医学; 此书 → Galen) 作 'TAIL-axial-mirror' 收束, 是 'Loeb-1916-引言-收束' 之 'meta-literary-crystallisation' 之 'archival-closing' 范本, 故 92。 ---