Dionysius of Halicarnassus On Literary Composition

=c. 2.= “_Composition_ is, as the very name indicates, a certain mutual arrangement of the parts of speech, or elements of diction, as some prefer to call them.” The parts of speech recognized by Theodectes and Aristotle and their contemporaries were three in number, viz. nouns, verbs, and connectives. The number was raised, by the Stoics and others, to four through the separation of the article from the connectives. Later were added the adjective, the pronoun, the adverb, the preposition, the participle, and certain other subdivisions. These principal parts of speech form, when joined and set side by side, the _cola_ (‘members,’ ‘clauses’). The union of _cola_ completes the “periods,” and these make up the entire discourse. The functions of composition are to arrange the words fittingly, to assign the proper structure to the _cola_, and to divide the discourse carefully into periods.

60 分。Dionysius 之 'plot' 是 '26 章文体学论证' 之合集——c. 1–5 'composition 之性质' / c. 6–14 'arrangement 之分析' / c. 15–20 '四种元素' / c. 21–24 '三种 σύνθεσις' / c. 25–26 'prose vs poetry 之关系' 之渐进展开; 'The functions of composition are to arrange the words fittingly, to assign the proper structure to the _cola_, and to divide the discourse carefully into periods' 之 '三大功能' 是文体论文体之 'plot 框架'; 'Plot' 维度对文体学论文天然偏低, 故评 60。

_See Dionysius Homer’s thoughts refine, ... interpreter of Homer’s poetry, who can ‘call new beauties forth from every line.’ In his entire attitude, not only towards Homer but towards Sappho and Simonides, Herodotus and Demosthenes, Dionysius has proved ... (πολυφωνότατος ἁπάντων τῶν ποιητῶν), _and to attribute to Thucydides

70 分。Dionysius 之 '人物谱系' 即 '古希腊文学史之群像'——Sappho / Simonides / Herodotus / Demosthenes / Thucydides / Plato / Homer / Hesiod / Anacreon / Pindar / Aeschylus / Euripides / Sophocles / Antiphon / Isocrates / Hegesias / Antimachus / Empedocles / Democritus / Aristotle / Ephorus / Theopompus / Stesichorus / Alcaeus ~25 位古典作家之 'comparative ranking'; 'πολυφωνότατος ἁπάντων τῶν ποιητῶν' (在所有诗人中最多音) 是 Dionysius 对 Homer 之 '人物定位' 之希腊文术语, 是 '古典文学批评之 Greek 论语' 之典型范例。

=c. 1.= Composition of words falls into several species, one of which is the "austere," another the "smooth," and a third, as I venture to call it, the "well-blended." I shall, in the next place, treat of the differences between these species and of the way in which they are produced.

55 分。Dionysius 之 'Pace' 是 '修辞学论文之说明性持续节奏'——26 章渐进展开, 每章 ~30–80 行 (PG 版 526–870 行), 速度靠 'topic-shift' (主题切换) 与 'chapter-mark' (章节标记) 调节; c. 1 'Composition of words falls into several species' (文字之 composition 分为数种) 之 'enumerative-entry' (列举式入口) + c. 15–20 '四种元素 (μῖξις / εὐρυθμία / μεταβολή / τὸ πρέπον)' + c. 21–24 '三种 σύνθεσις' 之 'cumulative-density' 之 'accelerando' (累积密度加速); 'I shall, in the next place, treat of the differences between these species' 之 '前瞻标记' (前瞻式节奏预告) 是 'rhetoric-treatise-pace' 之 'teleological-trail' (目的论轨迹); 'Pace' 维度对学术论文天然偏低 (无 narrative acceleration), 故 55。

=c. 2.= “_Composition_ is, as the very name indicates, a certain mutual arrangement of the parts of speech, or elements of diction, as some prefer to call them.” The parts of speech recognized by Theodectes and Aristotle and their contemporaries were three in number, viz. nouns, verbs, and connectives.

92 分。Dionysius 之 Greek 散文是 '古典 Atticism' 之 'Augustan 时代' 之 'purist prose' 典范——使用 Plato / Thucydides 之 '古典化词汇 + 复杂句法 + 周期性句式'; 'Composition is, as the very name indicates, a certain mutual arrangement of the parts of speech' 之 'definition by etymology' 是 '希腊化哲学论文' 之常见格式; 'Theodectes and Aristotle and their contemporaries were three in number' (Theodectes 与 Aristotle 及其同时代人列为三类) 之 'historical 注解' 是 '19 世纪古典学版式' 之 'scholarly apparatus' 之范本。

_subject of literary composition, or word-order, may be inferred from ... to speak of ‘words soft as a maiden’s cheek’_ (ὀνόματα μαλακὰ καὶ παρθενωπά), _to describe Homer as ‘of all poets the most many-voiced’_ (πολυφωνότατος ἁπάντων τῶν ποιητῶν), _and to attribute to Thucydides

88 分。Dionysius 公元前 30 年 (Octavian 之 Aegates 海战 / Actium 战后) 移居罗马, 用意大利希腊语 (Koine) 写作而提倡 '古典 Attic 之复兴'——同时映射 'Atticism 之 vs Asiatic' 之 'Augustan 文体之争' (与 Cicero / Horace / Strabo / Longinus 同期); 'ὀνόματα μαλακὰ καὶ παρθενωπά' (柔嫩如少女面颊之字) 是 Dionysius 之 'aesthetic metaphor' 之希腊文 (引 Plato 'Phaedrus' 238C); 'πολυφωνότατος' (最多音) 之 Homer 之 '古典权威' 是 'Augustan 文体之争' 之 '古典文学之榜'。

Composition is, as the very name indicates, a certain mutual arrangement of the parts of speech, in proper order, by the union of which the effect intended by the speaker is produced.

76 分。Dionysius c. 2 开篇 'Composition is, as the very name indicates, a certain mutual arrangement of the parts of speech' (正如名称所示, composition 是言语各部分之某种相互安排) 之 'definition-by-etymology' (以词源定义) 之 'archaeological hook' (词源钩子)——把 'σύνθεσις' 拆为 'σύν (together) + θέσις (placing)' 之 'Greek-compound-lemma' (希腊复合词元) 之 'meta-linguistic entry' (元语言学入口), 是 'rhetoric-treatise hook' 之 'definitional-prologue' (定义式序言) 范式; 'in proper order, by the union of which the effect intended by the speaker is produced' (按适当顺序, 凭借其结合以产生言说者意图之效果) 之 'teleological-closure' (目的论封闭) 把 'composition' 之 '形式-功能' 双重定义一次性植入, 是 'classical-rhetoric opening' 之 'compact-thesis' (紧凑论题) 范本; '钩子' 维度对学术论文天然偏中位, 故 76。

=c. 4.= The powerful effect of composition will be still further realized if some choice passages of verse and prose be taken and the order of the words disturbed. Homer and Herodotus once more provide examples. Certain lines in the twelfth and thirteenth books of the _Iliad_ are chosen, and transformed, with disastrous effects, from hexameters into two varieties of tetrameters. A short passage of Herodotus is turned about in a similar way, one of the two versions being in the style of Thucydides, the other in the odious manner of Hegesias. Composition may in fact be likened to the Homeric Athena, who with a touch of her magic wand could make the same Odysseus resemble either a beggar or a gallant prince.

95 分。'σύνθεσις ὀνομάτων (composition of words)' 之 'Greek 修辞学 / 文体学' 之立法——把 'word-arrangement' 从 '古典修辞学之 'λέξις (style)' 之分支' 升格为 '独立文体学范畴', 提出 '三种 σύνθεσις' (austere / smooth / harmoniously blended) 之 'typology', 是 '欧洲 'stylistics' 之鼻祖'; 'Composition may in fact be likened to the Homeric Athena, who with a touch of her magic wand could make the same Odysseus resemble either a beggar or a gallant prince' 之 'Athena 之 'metaphor' 是 '古典文体学之 '魔杖' 隐喻之鼻祖——后世 'Shakespeare 'Puck' / 'Goethe 'Mephistopheles' 之 '魔杖比喻' 之古典源头。

In this passage, beyond everything else, we recognise the loftiest grandeur and the most striking originality of treatment; and in an eloquent passage Dionysius then submits that the great end in view warranted all these anxious pains, and that the result justifies the extraordinary labour.

80 分。Dionysius c. 25–26 'prose vs poetry 之关系' 之 'comparative-finale' (比较式收束) —— 'the great end in view warranted all these anxious pains, and that the result justifies the extraordinary labour' (此重大目标值得所有这些焦虑之劳, 而结果证明此非凡劳作) 之 'thesis-conclusion' (论题式结论) + 'manifestly _in_ metre' 之 'rhythmic-prose 自己示范 σύνθεσις' 之 'meta-generic coda' (元类型尾声), 是 'rhetoric-treatise ending' 之 'composite-finale' (复合式收束) 范式; 'the loftiest grandeur and the most striking originality of treatment' (至高之庄严与最惊人之处理原创性) 之 'encomiastic-finale' (赞词式收束) 把 'Demosthenes 之 prosody-mastery' 推到收束点; '结尾' 维度偏中上, 故 80。 ---