Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences (1637, v1 rescore)

"a substance whose whole essence or nature consists only in thinking, and which, that it may exist, has need of no place, nor is dependent on any material thing; so that 'I,' that is to say, the mind by which I am what I am, is wholly distinct from the body, and is even more easily known than the latter, and is such, that although the latter were not, it would still continue to be all that it is. After this I inquired in general into what is essential to the truth and certainty of a proposition; for since I had discovered one which I knew to be true, I thought that I must likewise be able to discover the ground of this certitude. And as I observed that in the words I think, therefore I am, there is nothing at all which gives me assurance of their truth beyond this, that I see very clearly that in order to think it is necessary to exist, I concluded that I might take, as a general rule, the principle, that all the things which we very clearly and distinctly conceive are true."

这是 cogito + 心物二分 + clear & distinct 标准的奠基段。Descartes 用「我思故我在」推出 cogito 论证起点 + 心物二分 + clear & distinct = 真。17 世纪唯理论 / 19 世纪德国观念论 / 20 世纪现象学 / 现代心灵哲学全以 cogito 为起点,故洞察力为 95。

"Good sense is, of all things among men, the most equally distributed... I was then in Germany, attracted thither by the wars in that country... The first was never to accept anything for true... The first was to obey the laws and customs of my country... a substance whose whole essence or nature consists only in thinking... I have ever remained firm in my original resolution... Three years have now elapsed since I finished the treatise..."

6 部分自传式结构比 Malebranche 1674-75《Search》(4 部分) + Leibniz 1714《Monadology》(无章节) 完整,但比 Spinoza 1677《Ethics》(几何学式 5 部分 + 序论) 灵活。PART III 暂时道德 + PART VI 永久道德 = 「哲学反思期 + 实践行动期 + 永久道德期」三层并行,故框架为 95。

"Good sense is, of all things among men, the most equally distributed... I was then in Germany... The first was never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such; that is to say, carefully to avoid precipitancy and prejudice, and to comprise nothing more in my judgement than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of doubt... The first was to obey the laws and customs of my country... a substance whose whole essence or nature consists only in thinking... I have ever remained firm in my original resolution... Three years have now elapsed since I finished the treatise... and thus render ourselves the lords and possessors of nature."

9 段 verbatim 跨 PART I-VI,覆盖哲学自传 + 方法论起源 + 方法论四条 + 暂时道德 + cogito + 心物二分 + clear & distinct + 物理学 + 永久道德。Veitch 1887 译本是 19 世纪英国哲学界主流译本,但非学术集(只有 1 个译本),故证据为 92。

"The first was never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such; that is to say, carefully to avoid precipitancy and prejudice, and to comprise nothing more in my judgement than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of doubt. The second, to divide each of the difficulties under examination into as many parts as possible, and as might be necessary for its adequate solution. The third, to conduct my thoughts in such order that, by commencing with objects the simplest and easiest to know, I might ascend by little and little, and, as it were, step by step, to the knowledge of the more complex; assigning in thought a certain order even to those objects which in their own nature do not stand in a relation of antecedence and sequence. And the last, in every case to make enumerations so complete, and reviews so general, that I might be assured that nothing was omitted."

方法论四条原则的实用性体现在「日常科学研究可操作」:研究者可以实际验证「拒绝仓促 / 分解难题 / 由简入繁 / 穷举枚举」是否适用。这种「操作性强的方法论原则」是 Bacon 1620 + Newton 1687 + 现代「hypothesis-testing」方法的哲学奠基,故实用性为 92。

"Good sense is, of all things among men, the most equally distributed... I was then in Germany, attracted thither by the wars in that country, which have not yet been brought to a termination; and as I was returning to the army from the coronation of the emperor, the setting in of winter arrested me in a locality where, as I found no society to interest me, and was besides fortunately undisturbed by any cares or passions, I remained the whole day in seclusion, with full opportunity to occupy my attention with my own thoughts... Three years have now elapsed since I finished the treatise containing all these matters... by them I perceived it to be possible to arrive at knowledge highly useful in life; and in room of the speculative philosophy usually taught in the schools, to discover a practical... and thus render ourselves the lords and possessors of nature."

Descartes 法文原版 + Veitch 英译本 + 哲学自传体 + 6 部分开篇 + 「好 sense 平等分布」「日常军事」「信仰」「我们成为自然的主人」的优雅论述,是 17 世纪哲学写作的最高峰。故文笔为 96。

"The first was never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such... The second, to divide each of the difficulties under examination into as many parts as possible... The third, to conduct my thoughts in such order that, by commencing with objects the simplest and easiest to know... And the last, in every case to make enumerations so complete, and reviews so general, that I might be assured that nothing was omitted... a substance whose whole essence or nature consists only in thinking... all the things which we very clearly and distinctly conceive are true... Three years have now elapsed since I finished the treatise... and thus render ourselves the lords and possessors of nature."

方法论四条原则 + cogito + 心物二分 + 物理学 corpuscles + 永久道德 = 跨认识论 + 形而上学 + 物理学 + 生理学 + 伦理学 + 神学 + 现代科学方法 7 学科。Descartes 是 17 世纪唯最系统论的开山,故深度为 95。

"Good sense is, of all things among men, the most equally distributed... I was then in Germany... The first was never to accept anything for true... a substance whose whole essence or nature consists only in thinking... Three years have now elapsed since I finished the treatise containing all these matters; and I was beginning to revise it, with the view to put it into the hands of a printer, when I learned that persons to whom I greatly defer, and whose authority over my actions is hardly less influential than is my own reason over my thoughts, had condemned a certain doctrine in physics..."

cogito + clear & distinct + 心物二分 + 永久道德 = **近代认识论 6 部曲第 1 段** + **唯心支 7 套百科哲学起点**(Malebranche/Spinoza/Leibniz/Berkeley/Hume/Kant) + 现代心灵哲学起点 + 现代科学方法奠基 + 现代生命伦理奠基(知情同意)。Descartes 是现代哲学的开山,故相关性为 95。 PART I (line 75-110) 哲学自传 + (line 320-350) 方法论起源 + (line 515-545) 方法论四条 + PART IV (line 890-940) cogito + PART VI (line 1566-1620) 永久道德

"Three years have now elapsed since I finished the treatise containing all these matters... for as to those who, through curiosity or a desire of learning, of their own accord, perhaps, offer him their services, besides that in general their promises exceed their performance, and that they sketch out fine designs of which not one is ever realized..."

Descartes 生卒年(1596 La Haye en Touraine + 1650 Stockholm)准确,1649-50 Stockholm 死亡女王 Christina 公主传译。Veitch 1887 译本是 19 世纪英国哲学界主流译本(Scottish philosopher John Veitch 1829-1894),但非学术集(只有 1 个译本,无学院注脚),故可信度为 92。