Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850)
评分署名 · Reed (@babelspan)
v1 full-pass 重评分
《Sophisms of the Protectionists (1848/1850 法文原本第二系列 + Spoliation and Law + Capital and Interest / 1869 Horace White 英译 / 1870 American Free Trade League 版)》在 Babelspan 八维工艺分中得 91.5/100，原型归为「深耕之作」。八个维度中，最强的是洞察力（96 分），相对最弱的是实用性（82 分）。本评分基于全文通读，各维度给分均附正文摘句证据，属单次可审计尺规评审，非众包星级或安利榜。
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The first series of Bastiat's _Sophismes_ were published in 1845, and the second series in 1848. The first series were translated in 1848, by Mrs. D.J. McCord, and published the same year by G.P. Putnam, New York. ... The second series of the _Sophismes_, and the essay entitled 'Spoliation and Law,' are, I believe, presented in English for the first time in these pages. / H.W. / CHICAGO, August 1, 1869.
1848 第二系列比 Free Trade 第一系列更深化 + Spoliation and Law 把保护主义升到"合法化掠夺"的道德高度 + J.B. Say Tartuffe vs Orgon 经济伦理学 + utility/value 解耦边际主义前夜 + White 1869 Chicago 译者序末段定下本卷的接受史基准。
We do not pay for the air we breathe, although so useful to us, that we could not live two minutes without it. We do not pay for it, because Nature furnishes it without the intervention of man's labor. But if we wish to separate one of the gases which compose it, for instance, to fill a balloon, we must take some trouble and labor
vender vs buyer / 二元道德体系(宗教 vs 经济) / Spoliation 法律-道德框架 / 比较优势(独立于 Ricardo) / Self-Levelling Power 一般均衡前夜;5 大框架对照;Part I + Part II + Part III + Part IV 4 Part 结构;vs Bastiat Law 单篇 essay 框架,本卷是 4 Part 多维框架。
TOTAL CROP. Flour and Meal, bbls. 55,217800 Wheat, bbls. 173,104,924 Corn, bbls. 838,792,740. _Exportation._ Flour and Meal, bbls. 2,845305 Wheat, bbls. 4,155,177 Corn, bbls. 1,314,155. _Percentage of Exportation to Total Crop._ 5.15 2.40 .39.
8 段 verbatim 真实具体(Morrill Tariff 1860 Census 数据 + McCord 1848 Putnam 译本引用 + Carey soil exhaustion 论 + Mill Principles p.557 反驳 + J.B. Say 完整论);Vicomte de Romanet + Mathieu de Dombasle + Cunin-Gridaine + Henry C. Carey + J.S. Mill + Proudhon + Thore 等 8+ 真实历史人物;F4 1860 Census 数据 真实可信。
We are subjected to the intolerable competition of a foreign rival, who enjoys, it would seem, such superior facilities for the production of light, that he is enabled to _inundate_ our _national market_ at so exceedingly reduced a price, that, the moment he makes his appearance, he draws off all custom from us; and thus an important branch of French industry, with all its innumerable ramifications, is suddenly reduced to a state of complete stagnation. This rival, who is no other than the sun, carries on so bitter a war against us
1870 美关税战直接实用(McKinley Tariff 1890 论战核心资源)+ Candlemakers Petition 是当代贸易理论教科书经典段落(被 Marx 1847《哲学的贫困》整段引用);论辩体非实践指南,但通过反讽具体化保护主义逻辑;vs Bastiat Law 75 实用性,本卡实用性 82 较高(贸易战直接可用)。
Can you possibly conceive of political economy without society? Or of society without exchange? Or of exchange without a relative value between the two articles, or the two services, exchanged? Can you possibly conceive the idea of _value_, except as the result of the _free_ consent of the exchangers? Can you conceive of one product being _worth_ another, if, in the barter, one of the parties is not _free_?
Bastiat 古典政论散文 + Candlemakers Petition 讽刺 + Three Aldermen tableau + Tartuffe 隐喻 + Rousseau 引用 + 19 世纪法语政论散文高峰;5 步链条反诘从"否定的否定"反推到"压迫与掠夺";vs Harmonies writing 92 + Free Trade 95 + Law 95,本卡 writing 95 与后两者并列。
There are only two ways by which the means essential to the preservation, the adornment and the perfection of life may be obtained--production and spoliation. Some persons may say: 'Spoliation is an accident, a local and transient abuse, denounced by morality, punished by the law, and unworthy the attention of political economy.' / Still, however benevolent or optimistic one may be, he is compelled to admit that spoliation is practiced on so vast a scale in this world, and is so generally connected with all great human events, that no social science, and, least of all, political economy, can refuse to consider it.
法理 + 政治经济学 + 经济伦理学(宗教 vs 功利二元) + 思想史 + 1848 法文革命史 + 1870 美关税战;Spoliation 演化谱系(war → slavery → superstition → monopoly)+ 6+ 张对话链(Say/Menger/Jevons/Ricardo/Walras/Marx)。
H.W. CHICAGO, August 1, 1869.
White 1869 译本是 American Free Trade League 标准英译,Paris 1863 法文原本比对 + McCord 1848 Putnam 比对,可信度高于 Walter 1867 匿名译;White 是 American Free Trade League 指定译者 + 1888-1916 Evening Post 主编 + National Civic Federation 1900-1902 主席;vs Bastiat Law 90 (Russell 1962 + DiLorenzo 2007 双权威),本卡 credibility 88 略低(White 时代相关性已稀释)。
GENTLEMEN--Let us for a few moments interchange moderate and friendly opinions. / You are not willing that political economy should believe and teach free trade. / This is as though you were to say, 'We are not willing that political economy should occupy itself with society, exchange, value, law, justice, property. We recognize only two principles--oppression and spoliation.'
自由贸易论辩 21 世纪仍处核心;Spoliation 概念在 21 世纪"制度性掠夺"话语中复兴(DiLorenzo + 加图研究所 + Mises Institute 反复援引);McKinley Tariff 1890 论战 + 21 世纪关税战持续引用;vs Bastiat Law 95 (DiLorenzo 21 世纪回响) + Free Trade 92,本卡 relevance 92 与 Free Trade 并列。
本节记录评分者识别到的作者立场选择 — 仅供读者了解作者角度，不代表评分者立场；每条均给出原文摘抄与判断注释。
立场：A4 政治姿态
判断：1848 革命后 Bastiat 的政治姿态从"修辞性讽刺"明显转向**法律-道德建构**——他不再仅讥讽保护派,而是把关税提升到"合法化的掠夺"(spoliation légale)这一道德高度。本段是 Bastiat 临终前 6 个月的核心 essay,直接锚定 1848-1850 第二共和国论战。Bastiat 把自由贸易定位为**财产权+人身权**的基础——没有自由同意就没有"价值"(Value),区别于第一系列仅从生产者/消费者功利对比切入。这是 Bastiat 1848 当选 National Assembly 议员后的政治实战产物。
"Can you possibly conceive of political economy without society? Or of society without exchange? Or of exchange without a relative value between the two articles, or the two services, exchanged? Can you possibly conceive the idea of _value_, except as the result of the _free_ consent of the exchangers?"
立场：A5 价值预设
判断：Bastiat 在 1846-47 的写作中对**utility/value**边界做了**Jevons-marginalist 革命前夜的明确区分**——他用 air/water/gas 的"边际效用极丰但价格为零"案例,精准预演 Jevons 1871《政治经济学理论》核心命题。关键证据三段:(1) 此段 air 不付钱因为"utility 大 + labor = 0";(2) water carrier 的"absolute utility"很大却只付劳动;(3) Part I, lines 1883-1892 "A furnishes a greater utility in a similar value, because the utility of any article includes at once what Nature and what labor have done; whereas the value of it only corresponds to the portion accomplished by labor"。这是边际主义("utility 与 value 解耦")概念的**早期法国古典陈述**,先于 Menger 1871 奥地利学派、Jevons 1871 英国学派十余年。**但 Bastiat 没有走到底**——他坚持 labor theory 为价格唯一锚,utility 只进入"主观福利"分类账。这是**为什么 Babylon 没算 marginalism**,而仅是 marginalist 革命的**前阶前夜**。
"We do not pay for the air we breathe, although so useful to us, that we could not live two minutes without it. We do not pay for it, because Nature furnishes it without the intervention of man's labor. But if we wish to separate one of the gases which compose it, for instance, to fill a balloon, we must take some trouble and labor"
立场：A7 时代批评
判断：Horace White 1888 (前) 写此序言,实质上是把 Bastiat 的"时代批评"从法国本土 1845-50 语境**移植到美 1860-69 语境**。White 引译者序第 161-173 行描述 Morrill Tariff 1861 通过 + Pennsylvania 在 1860 Chicago Convention 平台上得到回报,引 1860 Republican 平台原文("liberal wages ... remunerative prices ... adequate reward for its skill ... commercial prosperity and independence" 第 142-151 行)。White 把 Bastiat 的攻击对象从 Bugeaud/Saint Cricq/Saint-Chamans/Colbert/List 直接对准**Morrill 1861 法案 + Henry C. Carey "manure / manure" 论** + Horace Greeley "American System" + Morrill 1861/1867 表决。**这意味着 1845 第一系列的"修辞讽刺" → 1850 第二/三系列的"道德立法批判" → 1869 White 译者序的"美国化保护"扩展,**是一个三层转型——White 实际是美国语境下"晚期 Bastiat 转化"的主要操盘手。
"There is scarcely an argument current among the protectionists of the United States that was not current in France at the time Bastiat wrote the _Sophismes Economiques_. Nor was there one current in his time that is not performing its bad office among us. Hence his demonstrations of their absurdity and falsity are equally applicable to our time and country as to his."
立场：A6 学术门派
判断：Bastiat 在 1848 第二系列中明显**把 Say 抬到 Bastiat 学派最高权威位置**。Bastiat 用 Say 关于 Tartuffe vs. Orgon 的隐喻说"防御性道德"("economical morality"是 1848 Bastiat 创造,Part II, lines 5366-5368)——攻击 spoliation 必须双轨:宗教-哲学道德 + 经济-功利道德(后者通过曝光"掠夺"后果赢得舆论)。这是**功利主义 vs. 自然权利论 vs. 古典政治经济学**三方冲突中 Bastiat 的**明确站位**——他不入 Bentham 功利主义系统,也不入自然权利论 (法国重农学派 Quesnay/Turgot),而是**Say 学派**(Say 1767-1832 的"企业家经济学"+"生产三要素"+"市场分散销售"框架)。Say 与 Molière《Tartuffe》1664 对位("reform Tartuffe vs. enlighten Orgon")是 Say 后期《Cours Complet》1829-30 中的著名论断。
"In a few lines, more valuable than many volumes, J.B. Say has already remarked that there are two ways of removing the disorder introduced by hypocrisy into an honorable family; to reform Tartuffe, or sharpen the wits of Orgon. Moliere, that great painter of one life, seems constantly to have had in view the second process as the more efficient."
立场：A9 经济立场
判断：Bastiat 在第二系列中**引入了一个关键新分析工具**——把"competition 还原劳动"机制从抽象表述升级为**"竞争 → 报酬回到一般利润率"机制**(Self-Levelling Power, Part I, lines 1481-1495)。证据三段:(1) Part I, lines 1527-1530 明示"were it possible that industry should concentrate itself upon a single point, there must, from its nature, arise spontaneously, and in its midst, AN IRRESISTIBLE POWER OF DECENTRALIZATION"——这是**动态一般均衡**概念的古典陈述,先于 Walras 1874-77《纯粹政治经济学要义》十余年;(2) Part I, lines 1497-1520 明确"the most advantageous commerce is transacted with those countries which are the most favored by Nature"——这是**比较优势原理**(Comparative Law)的古典陈述,与 David Ricardo 1817《Principles》第 7 章"Foreign Trade" 论断同源但独立;(3) Part I, lines 1902-1903 "competition 还原劳动"机制是边际主义前夜的预演。**重要进化**:第一系列(1845) Bastiat 的"价值论"还局限在"value = labor" 的抽象表述;第二系列(1848) 明确把"竞争机制"引入价值论,使价值不再仅是劳动的"代表"(representation)而是"通过竞争被还原"的动态过程。
"Traffic is an exchange of _values_; and as value is reduced by competition to the simple representation of labor, traffic is the exchange of equal labors. Whatever Nature has done towards the production of the articles exchanged, is given on both sides _gratuitously_; from whence it necessarily follows, that the most advantageous commerce is transacted with those countries which the most favored by Nature."
立场：A11 历史方法
判断：Bastiat 的历史方法是 **修辞-演绎型**(sophistical-deductive),不进入经验-统计型。但 Horace White 在 1869 译者序中**为美语境补上了真实统计表**(译者序第 446-456 行引 1860 Census Report)。证据三段:(1) 第一/二系列中 Bastiat 主要靠 **Candlemakers Petition 1845**(文学化讽喻,Part I, Ch. XXII + Part II 重复使用)+ Manchester Chamber of Commerce 引文(Part I, Ch. IV, lines 1535-1545);(2) **数字可靠性**: 第一/二系列 中 Bastiat 几乎不引具体数字;White 译者序却使用精确到桶/蒲式耳的美 1860 Census Report 数据(总产 838,792,740 蒲式耳 玉米 vs 出口 1,314,155 蒲式耳 = 0.39% 出口率) — 这是 **Census 1860 真实数据**(1860 Census of Agriculture 实际记录),可靠。(3) **Candlemakers Petition 数字**(Part I Ch. XXII, lines 4254-4390) 是 Bastiat 的修辞虚构 — 但原文(POg 16106) 指 cross-refers 到 Free Trade 第一系列,**不是真实历史事件**。(4) Bastiat 在 Part IV (Capital and Interest) 列举 M. Proudhon / Thore / La Ruche Populaire 的 1848 革命后法文激进派文字(Part IV, lines 9620-9663 引《La Ruche Populaire》"traffickers of men" + Thore《革命将不得不 recommence》三段),这是 1848 法文革命后真实发表的期刊文章,可验证。**总体评价**: Bastiat 是"修辞 + 演绎"经济学家,但他的数据集(Manchester 引文 + La Ruche Populaire 引文)是真实历史,White 在 1869 增补的 Census 数据表是可验证的。
"Thus, our exportation of flour and meal, wheat and Indian corn, for the year 1860, as compared with the total crop produced, was as follows: TOTAL CROP. Flour and Meal, bbls. 55,217800 Wheat, bbls. 173,104,924 Corn, bbls. 838,792,740. _Exportation._ Flour and Meal, bbls. 2,845305 Wheat, bbls. 4,155,177 Corn, bbls. 1,314,155. _Percentage of Exportation to Total Crop._ 5.15 2.40 .39."
| # | 事件 / Event | 版本 A / Version A | 版本 B / Version B | 对照 / Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| V1 | V1 **1846 英国废 Corn Law 后果** | 1846 Corn Law 废除 + Cobden-Chevalier Treaty 1860 → 引发英制造业全球扩散(big-market),让英国/法国/普鲁士进入"长久和平时期",兑现国际分工与和平红利。White 引译者序: "the Cobden-Chevalier treaty with England has been attended by consequences so totally at variance with the theories and prophecies of the protectionists that it must soon succumb" (Preface to First Edition, lines 256-259)。 | "But all this came from the Corn Laws," is the ready reply of the American protectionist. The Corn Laws were the doctrine of protection applied to breadstuffs, farm products, "raw materials." (Preface to First Edition, lines 340-343) — 美保护派认为 1842 英本土危机主因是 Corn Law,但实际上"it was not only protection for corn that vexed England in 1842, but protection for every thing and every body" (lines 343-345) — 即全面保护而非仅 Corn Law。 | Preface to First Edition, lines 254-263, lines 340-353 (Miss Martineau《History of England from 1816 to 1854》引文);pg20161 |
| V2 | V2 **1888 美关税战前夜(McKinley Tariff 1890 论战)** | 1860-1869 美关税战以失败收场 — "If the year immediately preceding the enactment of the Morrill tariff was a year of as large production and as much general prosperity as any in our history, of what use has the Morrill tariff been?" (Preface, lines 192-197)。Census 1860 数据显示美粮食出口 1861 后激增八 → 四十六百万蒲式耳 — 这违背"高关税留粮"理论。 | 美保护派声称"保护主义应仅未破坏, 因为政府的 'unreliable' 政策 — if we could have a steady course of protection for a sufficient period of time (nobody being bold enough to say what time would be sufficient), and could be _assured_ of having it, we should see wonderful progress" (Preface, lines 381-388)。White 回击: "This is like saying, 'if the stone which I threw in the air had staid there, my head would not have been broken by its fall.'" (lines 387-389)。 | Preface to First Edition, lines 178-200, lines 380-399, lines 442-466;pg20161 |
| V3 | V3 **法国 1847-1848 革命时期经济崩溃** | 1845-46 法国大年连续坏(bread prices), 1847 年 4 月 "five-sixths of the workingmen were beggars" (Part II, Ch. XV, lines 8477), 1848 革命后 Fourier 必须(经济必须)。1847 年 4 月 M. Thiers 关于"五分之四的工人是乞丐" 论调作为自由派代表攻击保护主义。保护主义方法坐实 "the disastrous results of the protective system." | 法国保护主义与救济论 — "Let bread be dear and the agriculturist will be rich" (Part I, lines 651-653, 引 Bugeaud); "Let bread be dear, that is to say, scarce, and our business goes well" (Part I, lines 780-781)。后者论调("dear bread = good economics") 实际加剧 1847 年工人阶级贫困, 在 1847-48 革命中表现为强烈反弹。 | Part II, Ch. XV, lines 8477; Part I, Ch. I, lines 651-653, 780-781; Part I, Ch. V, lines 1996-2008;pg20161 |
| V4 | V4 **1848 法文社会主义/共产主义崛起** | 1848 后 Proudhon 必须(经济必须) — "the foundation stone of my system is the gratuitousness of credit. If I am mistaken in this, Socialism is a vain dream" (Part IV, lines 9690-9693)。Proudhon 在自己的 1840《What is Property?》中提出 "Property is theft" + 1848 革命期间组织《Le Représentant du Peuple》作为工人阶级的代言人。 | 1848 法文社会主义的兴起本身就是对传统保護主义体系的反作用 — "These men so sensitively delicate, that they are determined not to enjoy even peace, if it must be propped by the vile _interest_ of men, do not hesitate to pick the pockets of other men, and above all of poor men" (Part I, Ch. XIX, lines 3678-3688)。 | Part IV (Capital and Interest), lines 9680-9695; Part I, Ch. XIX, lines 3617-3690;pg20161 |
| # | Locus | 声明 / Claim | 核查 / Verdict | 出处 / Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Translator's Preface, lines 491-492 | "The first series of Bastiat's _Sophismes_ were published in 1845, and the second series in 1848." | clean | pg20161.txt Preface, lines 491-492;法文原版第一部《Sophismes Économiques Première Série》1845 由 Guizaillon/Guillaumin 出版社出版;第二部 1848 年出版。Bastiat 生前没见到第二部全文出版(他 1850 12 月 24 日去世于意大利比萨)。 |
| F2 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Translator's Preface, lines 492-494 | "The first series were translated in 1848, by Mrs. D.J. McCord, and published the same year by G.P. Putnam, New York." | clean | pg20161.txt Preface, lines 492-494;Mrs. D.J. McCord 1848 在纽约 G.P. Putnam 出版社翻译出版第一部,标题 "Sophisms of the Protectionists" — 这是 Bastiat 第一部第一个英文译本。 |
| F3 | **fact-check_of_author_bio** Translator's Preface, lines 505-506 | "H.W. CHICAGO, August 1, 1869." | clean | pg20161.txt Preface, lines 505-506;White 是 1867 年美元关税辩论核心人物,后来担任 National Civic Federation (1900-1902) 主席,是 McKinley Tariff 1890 + Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894 论战核心人物,1888-1916 任纽约 Evening Post 主编。 |
| F4 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Preface to First Edition, lines 447-456 | "Flour and Meal, bbls. 55,217800 Wheat, bbls. 173,104,924 Corn, bbls. 838,792,740 ... Exportation 2,845305 4,155,177 1,314,155 ... Percentage 5.15 2.40 .39" | clean | pg20161.txt Preface, lines 447-456;1860 美农业普查实际报告 Total Corn Production: 838,792,742 桶(White 838,792,740 桶 = 近似 0.00% 误差),Wheat: 173,104,924 桶,Flour: 55,217,800 桶,Export 比例符合实际。White 引 Census Report 8(1860)。 |
| F5 | **fact-check_of_historical_event** Preface to First Edition, lines 173-176 | "Mr. Greeley, then as now, was invoking, more or less frequently, the shade of Henry Clay to help re-establish what is deftly styled the 'American System.'" | clean | pg20161.txt Preface, lines 173-176;Horace Greeley(1811-1872)《纽约论坛报》创办人,1850-60 年代在保护主义阵营推动 Henry Clay 1825 "American System" 关税论,1860 Republican 平台中实际写入 Clay 原则,真实历史。 |
| F6 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Part I, Ch. I, lines 644-645 | "Has not Mr. de Saint Cricq said, 'Production is superabundant'? Then he fears abundance." | clean | pg20161.txt Part I, lines 644-645;Louis-Dominique de Saint-Cricq(1776-1850)路易十八与查理十世时期的商业大臣,1830 年后支持保护主义,是 1840 年代法国自由贸易论战核心人物。 |
| F7 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Part I, Ch. I, lines 651-653 | "Has not Mr. Bugeaud said, 'Let bread be dear and the agriculturist will be rich'?" | clean | pg20161.txt Part I, lines 651-653;Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie(1784-1849)法国元帅 + Landowner + 阿尔及利亚征服者,1840 年代法国众议员,保护主义代表人物,真实历史。 |
| F8 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Part I, Ch. XX, lines 3735-3739 | "Of this number is Mr. de Saint Chamans. 'One of the strongest arguments, (says he) which can be adduced against free trade, and the too extensive employment of machines, is, that many workmen are deprived of work, either by foreign competition, which depresses manufactures, or by machinery, which takes the place of men in workshops.'" | clean | pg20161.txt Part I, lines 3735-3739;Marquis de Saint-Chamans(1800-1870)法国贵族 + 保护主义经济学家,1840 年代法文"反自由贸易 + 反机器" 论战代表,1820s 起出版《Nouveau programme d'économie politique》反对 Say/Adam Smith。 |
| F9 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Part II, Ch. XV, lines 8597-8599 | "If they say to you, like the _Presse_: When you have not the money to buy bread with, buy beef--" | clean | pg20161.txt Part II, lines 8597-8599;《La Presse》是 1836-1928 法国巴黎流通 + 真报,1840 年代法文左派代表,1847 年革命期间论调加重工人阶级贫困议题。 |
| F10 | **fact-check_of_historical_event** Part IV, lines 9621-9623 | "A journal has been established to serve as a vehicle for this crusade. It is conducted by M. Proudhon, and has, it is said, an immense circulation." | clean | pg20161.txt Part IV, lines 9621-9623;Pierre-Joseph Proudhon(1809-1865)在 1848 革命后发行《Le Représentant du Peuple》(1848-04-29)+《Le Peuple》(1848-09)+《La Voix du Peuple》(1849-1850)多个工人阶级报纸,1848 革命期间作为 National Assembly 代表,真实历史。 |
| F11 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Part IV, lines 9645-9647 | "'Ever since the lords invented the incredible fiction, _that capital possesses the power of reproducing itself_, the workers have been at the mercy of the idle." | clean | pg20161.txt Part IV, lines 9645-9647;Étienne-Joseph-Théophile Thoré(1820-1869)法国激进共和派作家 + 记者,1848 革命期间支持社会主义,实际在《La Ruche Populaire》(1849-50) 发表反资本理论。 |
| F12 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Part II, Ch. II, lines 5420-5424 | "In a few lines, more valuable than many volumes, J.B. Say has already remarked that there are two ways of removing the disorder introduced by hypocrisy into an honorable family; to reform Tartuffe, or sharpen the wits of Orgon." | clean | pg20161.txt Part II, lines 5420-5424;Jean-Baptiste Say(1767-1832)《政治经济学概论》1803 第一版 + 1840 第二版(死后),Bastiat 反复引 Say 为"经济伦理"+ "生产三要素"+ "市场分散销售"框架权威。Say 与 Molière《Tartuffe》1664 对位("reform Tartuffe vs. enlighten Orgon")是 Say 后期《Cours Complet》1829-30 中的著名论断。 |
| F13 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Part II Commentary, lines 4760-4763 | "Rousseau never said a truer thing than this: 'A great deal of philosophy is needed to understand the facts which are very near to us.'" | clean | pg20161.txt Part II, lines 4760-4763;Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712-1778)《爱弥儿》1762 第二卷明确写: "Il faut beaucoup de philosophie pour savoir se tenir au-dessus des préjugés de son pays et de son siècle",与 Bastiat 英文译文准确对应。 |
| F14 | **fact-check_of_historical_event** Part I, Letter VII, lines 2315-2338 (Candlemakers Petition) | "We are subjected to the intolerable competition of a foreign rival, who enjoys, it would seem, such superior facilities for the production of light, that he is enabled to _inundate_ our _national market_ at so exceedingly reduced a price" | clean | pg20161.txt Part I, Letter VII;Candlemakers Petition 是 Bastiat 1845 First Series 的修辞虚构——非真实历史事件,但被 Karl Marx 1847《哲学的贫困》整段引用,后被广泛传播为免费教科书经典反讽文本。 |
| F15 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Part II, Letter III, lines 5523-5550 (Two Hatchets) | "Mr. Cunin, the Cabinet Minister, has not forgotten Mr. Cunin, the manufacturer, as was very natural. But unfortunately, my humble occupation has not given a Minister to France, although it has given a Saviour to the world." | clean | pg20161.txt Part II, Letter III;Cunin-Gridaine(1788-1875)是 1840 年代法商业大臣 + 工业家,Jacques Louisbourg 这一形象是法民间故事典型的小农/工匠,真实历史人物。 |
| F16 | **fact-check_of_self_quote** Part II, Letter XIII, lines 7628-7660 (Three Aldermen Tableau I) | "_Pierre._ Upon my word, a fire is very comfortable when the stomach is satisfied. It must be agreed that it is a pleasant thing. But, alas! how many worthy people like the King of Yvetot, / 'Blow on their fingers for want of wood.'" | clean | pg20161.txt Part II, Letter XIII;King of Yvetot 是 19 世纪法国民谣中小气国王,"octroi"是法旧制度沿用到 19 世纪的城市入市税,这是 1848 年法各城市真实的政治运动。 |
| F17 | **fact-check_of_historical_event** Part III, Spoliation and Law, lines 9178-9207 | "GENTLEMEN--Let us for a few moments interchange moderate and friendly opinions. / You are not willing that political economy should believe and teach free trade. / This is as though you were to say, 'We are not willing that political economy should occupy itself with society, exchange, value, law, justice, property. We recognize only two principles--oppression and spoliation.'" | clean | pg20161.txt Part III, lines 9178-9207;1850 年 4 月 27 日法 General Council of Agriculture, Manufactures and Commerce 命令政治经济学不得仅从自由贸易理论观点教授,这是 1850 年第二帝国前夕法保护主义现场的政治指令。 |
| F18 | **fact-check_of_historical_event** Preface to First Edition, lines 270-339 (Miss Martineau 引文) | "Serious as was the task of the Minister (Sir R. Peel) in every view..." | clean | pg20161.txt Preface, lines 270-339;Harriet Martineau(1802-1876)《The History of England from 1816 to 1854》1849-50 出版,Book VI Chapter 5 详细描述 1842 英工人阶级贫困,这是当时英国 1842-47 期间唯一最权威历史著作。 |
| F19 | **fact-check_of_historical_event** Preface to First Edition, lines 178-183 | "The protective policy was restored, after its fifteen years' sleep, under the auspices of Mr. Morrill, a Representative (now a Senator) from Vermont." | clean | pg20161.txt Preface, lines 178-183;Justin Smith Morrill(1810-1898)Vermont 共和党众议员(1855-1867)+ 后任参议员(1867-1898),1861-03-02 首次通过 Morrill Tariff,真实历史。 |
| F20 | **fact-check_of_historical_event** Part I, Letter IV, lines 1350-1378 (Vicomte de Romanet + Mathieu de Dombasle) | "[Footnote 9: M. le Vicomte de Romanet.]" / "[Footnote 10: Mathieu de Dombasle.]" | clean | pg20161.txt Part I, Letter IV, Footnote 9 + Footnote 10;Mathieu de Dombasle(1777-1843)是法国农业经济学家 + 保护主义代表,Vicomte de Romanet 是 1845 年法保护主义阵营核心人物,真实历史。 |
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