Novum Organum

Four species of idols beset the human mind, to which (for distinction's sake) we have assigned names, calling the first Idols of the Tribe, the second Idols of the Den, the third Idols of the Market, the fourth Idols of the Theatre. The formation of notions and axioms on the foundation of true induction is the only fitting remedy by which we can ward off and expel these idols.

单条格言清楚自足：四类偶像一句话点名、真归纳一句话给出对策；但整体推进靠编号格言的累积而非线性论证，17 世纪英译的长句与拉丁术语增加门槛，故清晰度为 72。

The idols of the tribe are inherent in human nature and the very tribe or race of man; for man's sense is falsely asserted to be the standard of things; on the contrary, all the perceptions both of the senses and the mind bear reference to man and not to the universe, and the human mind resembles those uneven mirrors which impart their own properties to different objects, from which rays are emitted and distort and disfigure them.

"人心是凹凸不平的镜"——对人类认知系统性偏差的诊断在 400 年后被认知科学（确认偏差、可用性启发、锚定效应）逐项证实；但作为具体程序（三表法、排除法）的"准确"是方法层面的而非结论层面的，故准确性为 85。

(Book I 清算四偶像与错误方法；Book II 以"热"为范例演示归纳三表与特权事例)

"破→立"的总结构宣言清楚，且置于《大复兴》六部计划的更大蓝图中；但全书是未竟工程，Book II 的"热"演示冗长、结论跳跃，故结构为 80。

(存在表：火焰、太阳光、沸水、摩擦、动物体温、压缩空气... 缺失表：月光、冷水、静止物体... 程度表：不同热源的温度梯度)

例证精心选择以演示程序（三表+27 种特权事例），但作为经验科学的"事实密度"中等——培根的例证是"方法的教具"而非"知识的仓库"，故例证为 78。

Those who have treated of the sciences have been either empirics or dogmatical. The former like ants only heap up and use their store, the latter like spiders spin out their own webs. The bee, a mean between both, extracts matter from the flowers of the garden and the field, but works and fashions it by its own efforts. The true labor of philosophy resembles hers.

"蚂蚁只堆积、蜘蛛自吐丝、蜜蜂采而酿之"——这是科学方法作为公共技艺的最著名比喻：既不纯经验堆积、也不纯理性演绎，而是经验与理性的协作；作为可操作的心智检查表至今有效，故实用性为 82。

(核心命题) 人类心智不是自然的镜子而是"凹凸不平的镜"——必须先校准仪器（清算偶像），才能开始观察。

发现了"方法本身可以被系统化"的二阶命题：哲学的重心从"我们知道什么"转到"我们如何可能知道"——这把科学从少数天才的直觉变成可传授、可积累、可纠错的公共事业，故深度为 95。

(市场偶像) words are formed at the will of the generality, and there arises from a bad and unapt formation of words a wonderful obstruction to the mind. (剧场偶像) all the received systems are but so many stage plays, representing worlds of their own creation after an unreal and scenic fashion.

市场偶像（语言操纵、概念混淆）与剧场偶像（体系作为"舞台布景"）在信息时代几乎是为社交媒体与意识形态量身定做的分析框架；四偶像论仍是批判性思维的标准入门，故时效性为 88。

(培根散文的金石之声) Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed. / Knowledge and human power are synonymous.

偶有金石之声，但英译（Wood/Devey）庄重有余、灵动不足，拉丁格言的紧凑在翻译中松脱；《新工具》是工作文本而非文学文本，故文笔为 76。

(对亚里士多德、经院哲学、炼金术、柏拉图的批判多为泛指："the received logic"、"a certain philosopher"、化名或学派名，偶引赫拉克利特、德谟克利特、吉尔伯特)

无学术引用体系，批判多为泛指或化名；1620 年体例如此，且培根自觉地与"依赖权威"的旧学术决裂，但按出处透明度维度须如实扣分，故出处透明度为 62。