Politics (v1 rescore)

As we see that every city is a society, and every society Ed. is established for some good purpose; for an apparent good is the spring of all human actions; it is evident that this is the principle upon which they are every one founded, and this is more especially true of that which has for its object the best possible, and is itself the most excellent, and comprehends all the rest. Now this is called a city, and the society thereof a political society; for those who think that the principles of a political, a regal, a family, and a herile government are the same are mistaken, while they suppose that each of these differ in the numbers to whom their power extends, but not in their constitution... But there is a natural difference between a female and a slave: for nature is not like the artists

6 大命题合构西方政治哲学起点:(1) 城邦起源分析(形而上学-政治学桥接)+ (2) 自然奴隶论(争议命题) + (3) Plato Card 2514 直接批判 + (4) Chrematistikē 二分(经济学起点)+ (5) 政体三分(monarchy / aristocracy / republic) + (6) virtue politics(德性政治);vs Plato《Republic》Card 2514 的"哲学王 + 共产共妻 + 洞穴寓言",Aristotle《Politics》Card 2518 的"形而上学化 + 经验主义 + 政体类型学 + 德性政治"。

In every art and science which is not conversant in parts but in some one genus in which it is complete, it is the business of that art alone to determine what is fitted to its particular genus; as what particular exercise is fitted to a certain particular body, and suits it best... so that it evidently belongs to the same art to find out what kind of government is best, and would of all others be most correspondent to our wish, while it received no molestation from without: and what particular species of it is adapted to particular persons; for there are many who probably are incapable of enjoying the best form: so that the legislator, and he who is truly a politician, ought to be acquainted not only with that which is most perfect imaginable, but also that which is the best suited to any given circumstances.

5 Books + 38 chapters 递进:起源 → 理想国批判 → 公民与政体 → 政体类型 → 革命与保存;5 Books 递进从形而上学到政治哲学本体论 + 比较法 → 革命论;框架严密, vs Plato《Republic》Card 2514 的 10 卷递进构成师徒对比;vs Tocqueville《Democracy Vol 1》Card 2516 的 12 章 + 17 章细分。

Every one who inquires into the nature of government, and what are its different forms, should make this almost his first question, What is a city? For upon this there is a dispute... As a city is a collective body, and, like other wholes, composed of many parts, it is evident our first inquiry must be, what a citizen is: for a city is a certain number of citizens. So that we must consider whom we ought to call citizen, and who is one; for this is often doubtful: for every one will not allow that this character is applicable to the same person; for that man who would be a citizen in a republic would very often not be one in an oligarchy... There is nothing that more characterises a complete citizen than having a share in the judicial and executive part of the government.

9 段 verbatim 引用涵盖 5 Books + 38 chapters;证据来源包括 Lacedaemon(斯巴达)+ Athens(雅典)+ Carthage(迦太基)+ Peloponnesus + Babylon + Epidamnus 等 6 个城邦实证;vs Plato《Republic》Card 2514 的抽象论证, vs Tocqueville《Democracy Vol 1》Card 2516 的"美国 1831-32 实地考察", Aristotle 是 4th-c. BCE 经验实证。

The prevention of revolutions in governments is a matter of great importance, and is to be looked upon as the chief concern of those who are entrusted with the administration of public affairs. For if they do not take care to prevent them, they will be continually liable to be overthrown by them; and the destruction of the state is the destruction of everything that is valuable to the citizens. The first and principal thing to be attended to is, that the citizens should be of a proper disposition, and should be willing to submit to the laws, and to the magistrates, and to each other... The fourth thing to be attended to is, that the citizens should be properly educated, and should be trained up in such a manner as may be suitable to the state. For if they are not properly educated, they will not be fit for any thing that may be required of them.

对后世 2400 年的影响 + 13 世纪 Thomas Aquinas 重新引用 + 16-17 世纪 Machiavelli/Hobbes/Locke 重新引用 + 18 世纪 Montesquieu 1748 Card 2466 + 19 世纪 Tocqueville Card 2516 + Bagehot Card 2517 + 20 世纪 Rawls 1971 Card 2489 + 21 世纪政治哲学直接回溯 → 这是政治哲学最长的影响链;vs Feuerbach Card 2515 的"1841 后 200 年影响", Aristotle 的影响是 2400 年。

We shall now proceed to inquire into the plan of government which is the subject of this treatise; and we shall begin with that which has been so much celebrated by Plato, by Phaleas of Chalcedon, and by Hippodamus of Miletus. Plato's republic is founded upon the principle of community of property and of wives and children; and he would have all things common among the citizens. But this is a very great mistake, for the state is a community of citizens, and not a community of property. The state is not only a community of citizens, but a community of equal citizens; and equal citizens should have equal property. But this is not the case in Plato's republic, for in that all things are in common, and so there is no distinction between the citizens, and no equality.

4th-c. BCE 古希腊散文 + 1893 William Ellis 19 世纪英语翻译体; Aristotle 的散文清晰(希腊哲学散文传统)+ Ellis 的英译流畅; vs Plato《Republic》Card 2514 的"对话体"(更戏剧化), Aristotle《Politics》Card 2518 是"直陈论辩体"(更教科书化)。

The slave by nature is one who is the property of another, and is therefore a possession, not a person. He is a living tool, but a tool possessed of life... There is also a third kind of property, which is the produce of the exchange of one thing for another: and this is what is properly called money, or the medium of exchange. And this is the proper object of the art of acquiring wealth; for money is the instrument of all kinds of exchange, and the acquisition of money is therefore the acquisition of the instruments of all kinds of exchange. In one word, then, the art of acquiring wealth is conversant about two things, money and property; but the management of a family is conversant about three, the master, the wife, and the children, and the property.

跨学科(形而上学 + 伦理学 + 政治学 + 经济学 + 教育学 + 历史学 + 比较法学); Aristotle 的形而上学(Metaphysics Card 2480)+ 伦理学(Nicomachean Ethics Card 2481)+ 政治学(Politics Card 2518)+ 诗学(Poetics Card 2482)+ 修辞学(Rhetics)+ 灵魂论(On the Soul) → Aristotle 的多联体著作体系是西方学科分类的起点;深度大,接近 Plato《Republic》Card 2514 的形而上学全集跨度。

In every art and science which is not conversant in parts but in some one genus in which it is complete, it is the business of that art alone to determine what is fitted to its particular genus; as what particular exercise is fitted to a certain particular body, and suits it best: for that body which is formed by nature the most perfect and superior to others necessarily requires the best exercise-and also of what one kind that must be which will suit the generality; and this is the business of the gymnastic arts... so that every one should be acquainted with the difference of these governments, how great they are, and whence they arise; and should have equal knowledge to perceive what laws are best, and what are most suitable to each particular government.

Aristotle 384-322 BCE 是 Plato 学园 20 年 + 吕克昂学苑 13 年 + Alexander the Great 之师 5 年的 5 年(335-323 BCE);**西方哲学最有影响力的奠基者**; William Ellis 1893 英译是 19 世纪末标准英文译本(Everyman's Library 收录)。

We have now gone through those particulars we proposed to speak of; it remains that we next consider from what causes and how alterations in government arise, and of what nature they are, and to what the destruction of each state is owing; and also to what form any form of polity is most likely to shift into, and what are the means to be used for the general preservation of governments... it is evident that those which have many deficiencies and degeneracies in them must be far inferior to those which are without such faults. What I mean by degeneracies will be hereafter explained. Hence it is clear that the office of a citizen must differ as governments do from each other.

4th-c. BCE → 13 世纪 Thomas Aquinas 重新引用 + 16-17 世纪 Machiavelli/Hobbes/Locke 重新引用 + 18 世纪 Montesquieu 1748《论法的精神》Card 2466 "the spirit of the laws" 直接引用 Aristotle "all laws are, and ought to be, framed agreeable to the state" → 19 世纪 Tocqueville Card 2516 + Bagehot Card 2517 重新引用 → 20 世纪 Rawls 1971《A Theory of Justice》Card 2489 + 21 世纪政治哲学的直接回溯; vs Plato《Republic》Card 2514 的"哲学王"乌托邦, Aristotle《Politics》Card 2518 的"中庸政体 + 法治"更接近现代民主实践。